EVOLUTION. 335 EVREUX. don, 1883) ; M. Wagner, Die Dartmnische Theoru unit das Migrationsgesetz d< r Organismen (Leip- zig. 1868; English translation bj Laird, London, Is;::); E. IJ. Cope, Origin <</ Uenera (Philadel- phia, 1808); Origin of the Fittest (New York, 1887) ; The Factors oj Organic Evolution (Chi- cago, 1890); E. Haeckel, Generate Morphologie (Berlin, 1866); History of Creation (New York. 1876) ; Saint 11. Mivart, On tlie Genesis of Species (London and New York, 1870) ; A. Gray, Durwiniana (New York, 187(i) ; (J. J. Romanes, Durtriii mill fler Uurtrin (Chicago, 1892-90); Physiulogicul Selection (London, 1880) ; Mental Evolution (New York, 1884) ; J. T. Guliek, "On Diversity of Evolution Under One Set of Ex- ternal Conditions," in Proceedings Linnwan So- ciety of London (London, 1872) ; "Divergent Ev- olution Through Cumulative Segregation" (ib., 1887) ; "Intensive Segregation" (ib., 1890) ; "Di- vergent Evolutfcn and the Darwinian Theory," in American Journal of Science (New Haven, 1890) ; G. H. T. Eimer, Orthogenesis and the Im- potence of "Natural Selection in Species Forma- tion (Chicago, 1898) ; Organic Evolution (trans- lated by J. T. Cunningham, London and New York, 1890) ; C. Lloyd Morgan, Animal Life and Intelligence (London and New York, 1890-91); Habit and Instinct (London and New York, 1896) ; H. de Varigny, Experimental Evolution (London, 1892); C. Dixon. Evolution Without Natural Selection (London. 1885) ; W. Bateson, Materials for the Study of Variation (London. 1894); A. Wcismann, Studies on the Theory of Descent (London, 1882) ; Essays upon Heredity (Oxford, 1889); Germ Plasm (New York, 1893); H. de Vries, Die Mutationstheorie (Leipzig, 1901-03) ; 0. Hertwig, The Biological Problem of To-day (New York, 1894) ; G. Henslow, The Origin of Floral Structures Through Insect and Other Agencies (London, 1893) ; The Origin of Plant Structures by Self-Adaptation to the Environ- ment (London, 1895) ; H. F. Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin, an Outline, of the Development of the Evolution Idea (New York, 1894) ; A. S. Packard. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution, His Life and Work (New York and London, 1901) ; F. W. Hutton. Darwinism and Lamarck- ism, Old and New (London, 1899) ; E. Clodd, Story of Creation (London, 1888) ; Pioneers of Evolution (New York, 1897); J. Le Conte, Ev- olution and its Relation to Religions Thought (New York, 1888) ; H. W. Conn", Evolution of To-day (New York and London, 1886) ; T. Y. Bergen, Primer of Darwinism, (Boston, 1890). Consult also the books and essays of A. Agassiz, .7. A. Allen, E. Askenasv. L. H. Bailev. W. P. Ball, H. W. Bates, F. E. Beddard, C. E." Beecher, G. Bonnier, T. Boven. W. K. Brooks. S. S. Buck- man. Buffon, II. C. Bumpus, E. Catchpool, C. Claus, D. Clos, T. A. D. Cockerel!, E. G. Conklin, Costantin. J. T. Cunningham, W. H. Dall, C. B. •Davenport, Y. Delage, J. Delbceuf. F. C. Dixey, F. Dreyer, H. Driesch, A. Dohrn, W. T. T. Dyer, C. H. Eigenmann. C. Emerv. Cossar Ewart, E. Fisher, C. L. Flahault, H. Gadow. F. Galton, P. Geddes, Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire, A. Giard. E. Haase, E. Haeckel, S. J. Hickson, J. D. Hooker, G. B. Howes, C. H. Hurst, A. Hyatt, K. Jordan. L. Kathariner, A. Kolliker, A. C. Keeler, A. Lang. E. R. Lankester. J. Lubbock, T. Mee- han, R. Meldola, F. Merrifield, T. H. Mor- gan, E. S. Morse, M. Neumayr, C. Nageli, A. S. Packard, C. Pearson, E. Perrier, E. Pfliiger, M. c Piepers, I. PI E. I!. Poulton . de Quatrefages, C. . Riley, . Roux, W. E. Ritter, J. A. Ryder, L. Rtil yer, < . Schroder, U . D. Scott, s. II. Scudder, G. Seidlitz, II Simroth, A. Solokowsky, J. . Spengel, M. Stahdfuss, 6. Tor- nier, G. R. Treviranus, Verlot, II. M. Vernon, M. Verworn, S. II. Vines, . Waagen, L. I'. Ward.E. Warming, W. I'. It. Ueldon, ■). L. Wortman, G. Wolff, and others. EVOLUTION (in mathematics). See In- volution and Evolution. EVOLUTIONS, MXUTABY. The movements by which bodies of troops are enabled to change position, order, or formation. The term embrace! such movements as changes of front, formations of line, column, Echelon, or square. While the pri mary principles of scientific warfare remain prac- tically the same, the modern developments of artillery and musketry fire have greatly affected the dispositions of battlefields, ami consequently changed the essential principles involved in preparations for war. The ability of infantry, for instance, to wheel accurately, coolly, and with precision, or deploy in front of the enemy, with the steady deliberation of the parade ground, formerly so much admired, is today replaced completely by widely extended intervals in any line formation. Changes of front are now made speedily, the men moving by the shortest possible direction to their new front. In brief, the spirit of the old order of military evolution was to stamp out all individuality in the rank and file, making of the soldier an automaton of little or no value as a separate entity. Modern evolu- tions, on the other hand, magnify the individual, encourage individuality, and from time to time decrease the tactical unit of command. See Tactics, Military. EVORA, a'vo-ra. A city of Portugal, capital of the Province of Alemtejo, situated m • fertile and elevated plain, 75 miles east by south of Lis- bon (Map: Portugal, B 3). It is irregularly built, with narrow streets, and is protected by old walls and towers and some recently constructed fortifications. It contains remains of great his- toric interest. The Gothic cathedral dates from the twelfth century, and has considerable archi- tectural beauty. Of Roman antiquities there are a ruined temple of Diana with fine Corinthian columns and an old aqueduct (rebuilt) which supplies the city with water. Evora has been the seat of an archbishop since the sixteenth century, and has an archiepiscopal library with about 25.000 volumes and 2000 manuscripts, and a num- ber of paintings. The archaeological museum is one of the most interesting in Portugal. The town has cotton and woolen manufactures, and iron furnaces. It carries on a considerable trade in wine. Population, in 1890. 15,134: in 1900, 16,152. Evora, the ancient Ebora. was captured by the Romans in B.C. 80, and became a colony with the name Liberalitas Julia. It was taken by the Arabs in 712, but was recovered by the Christians in 1166. EVREUX, «*'vre'. The capital of the French Department of Lure. Normandy, on the Iton. a feeder of the Lure. 07 miles west-northue-t of Paris by rail (Map: France, G 3). It is an old-fashioned town with wide street-. having numerous promenades in the vicinity. The principal building is the cathedral, which dates from the eleventh century
