FACTORIES. 420 FACULTY. might endanger. All forms of labor organization, most labor legislation, and the labor movement in general are the fruits of the factory system. s <> also are the enormous capitalistic combinations of the present day. Two economic effects may be safely assigned to the system : The widening of the gulf between capital and labor, on the on • hand, and between skilled and unskilled labor on the other. Of what far-reaching industrial and political changes these effects will themselves prove the cause it is not the province of this articles to discuss. It cannot be denied that the factory system, by the specialization of industries in given localities, thus making each community dependent upon all the rest of the world for everything except the one or few articles locally produced, has enor- mously quickened commerce and increased the in- terdependence of nations, and is thus one of the greatest unifying forces of the age. See' Labor : Labor Legislation; Manufactures. Bibliography. Taylor. Factories and the Factory System (London, 1844); Cooke-Taylor, Introduction to the History of the Factory Sys- tem (London, 1886); Robinson, "Early Factory Labor in New England." in Fourteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor (Boston, 1883) ; Wright. "Report on the Factory System of the United States" for the Tenth United Slates Census; Cooke-Taylor, Fac- tory System and Factory Acts (London, 1894) j Clarke, Effects of the Factory System (London, 1899) ; Spahr, America's Working People (New York, 1900) ; Wright. "The Factory System as an Element in Social Life," in Catholic University Bulletin (Washington, 1901). FACTORY ACTS. See Labor Legislation. FACTORY INSPECTION. The most impor- tant part of factory legislation, for it is only by the constant visits of well-trained, intelligent, and efficient inspectors that factories can be pre- vented from evading and practically nullifying the laws. Such inspectors can strengthen the laws by liberal interpretations of their powers, by advocating better legislation, and by publish- ing full reports in which the facts are presented in such a way as to impress the general public with the need of reform. Unfortunately, few factory inspectors are as yet trained workers. As a rule their numbers are insufficient to main- tain adequate supervision of all factories; many are political appointees; some are conscientious but unintelligent. It is, however, due to the labor of certain inspectors that many improve- ments have been made in the laws. The first factory act was passed in England in 1802, which was to be enforced by the local justices, who should appoint visitors. In 1833 Ml four Gov- ernment inspectors were appointed, to whom nine inspectors wer [ded in 1842. and sub-inspectors, together with greater power-, in 1844-46. A law of 1867 experimented with the inspection of work- shop- i, means of local authorities, but the ralized system was found superior. The con i acl of l*7s increased the stall' of in- spectors, Rnd since 1893 working men and women have been appointed on the force, and (be num- ini eased. The department is under Some Office, with the chief ins] lor in Lon- don, five superintending inspectors in London. Manchester, Glasgow, and Leeds, ami is assist- render admirable reports, the working men frequently go to them for ad- vice, and the trade unions demand that their num- ber should be increased. The following States have provided for factory inspection: Massachu- setts in 1877, and since then New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut. Ohio, Michigan, Indiana. Illinois, Wisconsin. Minnesota. Iowa, Missouri. Tennessee, and California. The chief factory in- spector is appointed either by the Governor or by the Commissioner of Labor. In a few cases the Commissioner acts in that capacity. In Massachusetts factory inspection belongs to the police department. Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island provide that some of the deputy in- spectors shall be women. The work of factory inspection consists in seeing that the provisions of the laws are enforced. To enforce sanitary building laws or machinery laws, technical knowl- edge is often required. In 1S86 the International Association of Factory Inspectors, with mem- bers from Canada and the United States, was organized to promote uniformity in factory laws. See Labor Legislation ; Labor Problem ; Sweat- ing System. FAC'UL,E I plur. of Lat. facula. small torch). In astronomy, the spots, brighter than the rest of the surface, which are sometimes seen on the sun's disk. They are usually very small at first but finally assume very large dimensions. See Sun. FACULTATIVE PLANT. A plant endowed with a capacity for growth in more than one life condition: applied especially to plants that may be either parasites or saprophytes, as op- posed to obligate plants. See Symbiosis, Para- site, Plant. FACULTY (Lat. facultas, ability, from fa- cilis, easy, from facere, to do). A term used gen erally in psychology to denote any sort of mental function. Specifically the name 'faculty psychol- ogy' is applied to a psychological school which has its typical representative in Christian Wolff and its most renowned expositor in Immanuel Kant (q.v. ). Its mode of procedure is to take the functional terms in common use (feeling, per- ception, understanding, memory, imagination, etc.), and by logical process to reduce them to some one, two, or three principal faculties, to which the others are then subsumed as subordinate faculties. The mind thus appears as constituted of certain powers or potentialities, which are real ized in the individual cases of remembering, thinking, etc. Wolff himself recognizes two prin- cipal faculties — knowledge and desire — though he endeavors to unify them in a single supreme faculty of representation. The lower faculty of knowledge includes sense, imagination, the poetic faculty, and memory; the higher includes at tention, reflection, and understanding. The lower faculty of desire, again, comprises pleasantness and unpleasantness, sense desires and aversions, and emotion; the higher includes volition, posi- tive and negative, and freedom. Kant adopts n threefold classification of mental phenomena) though he subordinates all the mental powers to the faculty of knowledge ('understanding,' in the wider sense). This comprises (1) understanding in the narrower Bense, which is legislative foi knowing; (2) reason, which is legislative for the faculty of desire ; and (3) judgment, which legis lates for feeling. Knowledge is further divided
