FAN. 452 FANNIERE. orifice beneath. The apparatus is composed chief- 1 of wood, and though ordinarily moved by the hand, it is sometimes connected with the driving power of a threshing-machine. The fan super- seded the old and slow process of winnowing, which consisted in throwing up the grain by means of sieves or shovels, while a current of wind, blowing across the threshing-floor, carried away the chaff. It is said that a machine for the winnowing of grain was for the first time made in Scotland, by Andrew Rodger, a farmer, on the estate of Cavers, in Roxburghshire, in the year 1737. See Implements, Agricultural. FANA'RIOTS. To the Greeks who assisted him in obtaining an entrance to Constantinople after his ships had been transported overland to the Golden Horn, Mohammed II. granted the Fanar quarter of the city, on the Golden Horn adjoining the Blacheme. The district was so called from the lighthouse that stood on the promontory jutting from it into the Golden Horn. The district is described by Grosvenor as "pros- perous, cleanly, and well-kept," and Theophile Gautier says of it, "Hither has fled ancient Byzantium." Its Greek inhabitants, many of them descendants of the oldest and noblest By- zantine families, were known as Fanariots, and came to be a special class in the Ottoman Em- pire, recruited by emigrants from different parts of the old Byzantine Empire. Subtle, insinuat- ing, intriguing, they soon took advantage of the ignorance of the Turkish governors, and made themselves politically indispensable to their rul- ers. They filled the offices of dragomans, seere: taries, bankers, etc. Through their influence the lucrative office of dragoman of the fleet was called into existence, which gave them almost un- limited power in the islands of the Archipelago. From them were chosen, until the outbreak of the Revolution, in 1821, the hospodara of Wal- lachia and Moldavia, while in addition the dis- posal of most of the civil and military posts un- der the Turkish Government was in their hands. In spite of their power, however, they never ex- hibited much patriotism; they were animated by the petty motives of a caste, and when the War of Liberation broke out among their countrymen, the part they took in it, though fairly important, was not what their station and their wealth should have contributed to the patriot cause. In the present altered state of affairs in Turkey they have no political influence. Consult: Ten- unit. Ilislorii of Modern Greece (2 vols., London, 184. r )l; Samuelaon, Roumania (London, 1882). FAN-CHENG, f-in'eheng'. A town in the Province of Hu-peh, China, situated on the Han- kiang, 102 miles northwest of Hankow (Map: China, I) 5). It is an important < imercial "tie on account of its position mi the trade routes between southern and northern China. The population is estimate-. 1 a 1 100, 000. FAN CORAL. A flat, spreading coralline growth, usually one of the Alcyonaria (q.v.). FANDANGO, 8p. pron. fan .Ian';.'.", (Sp., from 'nil' ;i ii name i . I Ine of l he t hree national dance of Spain, the others being the bolero (q.v.) and the seguidilla (q.v.). It is probably the oldest Spanish dance and the prototype of all the other forms. It is menti I frequently in the literature of the sixteenth century, when it eem to have first attained a national impor- tance, The time of the dance is J, but the fig- ures are very lively, and the music is supplied hv castanets in the hands of the performers, a man and a woman, and by a song which is accom- panied on the guitar. When one couple is tired another immediately takes its place, and the music and the dance go on as before, with no interruption. FANETJIL, fan'el or fun'el, Peter (1700-43). An American merchant. He was born in New Rochelle, N. Y. The family removed to Bos- ton shortly after his birth, and there established an extensive mercantile business, of which in time he became the proprietor. In 1740 Peter Faneuil constructed ianeuil Hall (q.v.), at his own expense, and presented it to the town. The building was completed in the fall of 1742. the first public use to which it was put being the memorial exercise to its donor, who died in May, 1743. FANEUIL HALL. A market-house and pub- lic hall in Boston, Mass. The original building, begun in 1740 and completed in 1742, was erected by Peter Faneuil (q.v.), and presented by him to the town. It was almost completely destroyed in 1701. and in 1703 was rebuilt by the town. During and preceding the Revolution it was so frequently used for important political meetings that it became known as 'The Cradle of Ameri- can Liberty.' In 1805 it was enlarged to its present size, 80 by 100 feet, and an additional story was added. The hall contains some tine paintings, the most celebrated of which is "Web- ster Replying to Hayne," by Healy, and meetings are still held in it. The basement is still used as a market. Consult Brown, Faneuil Hall and Mar- ket (Boston, 1901). FAN'FARE (Fr.. from Sp. fanfarria, fanfare, from OSp. fanfa, bluster; probably from Ar. far- far, blustering, from farfara, to agitate). A trumpet-signal which employs the tones of the triad and generally closes on the dominant. It is often used to introduce marches (Tannhauser, Atalie, etc.). Famous fanfares are. that in Beethoven's Fidelio announcing the arrival of the governor, and ending on the tonic, and the more extended ones in Wagner's Lohengrin, Tristan, and Meistersinger. FANG, Mr. A brutal police magistrate in Dickens's Oliver Twist, a portrait of Justice Laing, a police magistrate of the time, who was removed from office .in consequence of the ex- posure. FAN'ING, Eaton (1850—). An English composer and conductor, born at Helston, Corn- wall. He was educated at (lie Royal Academy of Music, under such masters as Bennett and Steg- gall. In 1873 he won the Mendelssohn scholar- ship, one of the greatest of English musical prizes, and also was awarded the Lucas Medal in ls:o. 11,. took the degree of musical bachelor at Cambridge in 1894. In lss.". lie became the dir tor of music at Harrow School. His published works include many successful part songs and choruses, tl peras The Tim Majors |1S77). Mock Turtle (1881), 77ie Head of the foil I 1882 i . ami a drama! ic cantata. /.//., rty I 1882). FANNIERE, fa'nyftr', Francois i g rsra (1818 — ). ami Francois Joseph Louis (1822 - I. French goldsmiths and chiselers, brothers, born at Longwy, Moselle. The elder was a pupil of Drolling at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. They excelled in the goldsmith's art, and their work
