FAUSTA. 487 FAUVEL. ttction is variously stated as being due to a dis- nii.ii' of her infidelrty, oi a1 anger upon finding 1 hi- falsity of statements made l>. tier which had lcil him to put to death Crispus, his son bj :i former wife. She was the mother of the subse- quent emperors, Constantinus II.. Constantiua 11., and ( !onstans. FATJSTIN I., fo'staN' (1785-1867). An em- peror of Haiti, known before his elevation to the throne as Faust in Soulouque. He was a nee.ro. and was born in very humble circum- stances at Petit Goave in Haiti. In his youth he acted as a servant, and later as adjutant to General Lamarre, and took part in the negro in- surrection of 1803. He subsequently served un- der the Presidents Potion and Boyer, and was raised by the latter to the ranis of captain. After the year 1844, when the Haitian Republic was dissolved by the rebellion of the eastern part of 1 lu- island,' which established the Republic of Banto Domingo, a struggle fur the supreme power ensued, in which Faust in, as Governor of Port-au-Prince and commander of the Presi- dential Guard, played an important part. In 1847 he was appointed President, of the Re- public by the Senate, which hoped to find a pliable tool in him; but he speedily began to fol- low his own inclinations. He was an implacable enemy of the mulattoes, and on April 16. 1848. a massacre of the mulatto population in Port-au- Prince took place at his instigation. In August, 1849, he caused himself to be proclaimed Emperor, a title which he held for about ten years. Be- tween 1S49 and 1857 he made four attempts to Conquer Santo Domingo, but failed. His reign Was marked by oppression and cruelty; he plundered the country to meet the expenditures of his Court, which he conducted in apish imita- tion of that of Napoleon III. A revolution, headed by General Geffrard, broke out in 1858, and a republic was declared. Faust in was forced to abdicate in January, 1859, but was allowed to live and sent off to Jamaica. He re- turned to Haiti shortly before his death, which occurred on August 6, 1867. FATJSTI'NA. The name of two Roman em- presses, mother and daughter. The former, Annia Galeria Faustina, usually spoken of as Senior, was the wife of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius, and died A.D. 141 (or perhaps. 140) ; the latter, known as Faustina Junior, was married to his successor, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and die. I .it a village near Mount Taurus in a.d. 175. Both, but particularly the younger, were notori- ous for the profligacy of their lives, which their exemplary husbands in vain endeavored to check. After their deaths, institutions for the relief of poor girls were founded both by Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius in honor of them, and were called "Pucllrr ahmentaricB Faustiniance." FATJSTMANN, foust'man, Martin (1822- 70). A German forester, born at Giessen. He invented an instrument for measuring the height of trees, and made valuable studies in the prob- lems of forest valuation, a subject which is dis- cussed in his work, Berechnung des Wertes, toelchen Waldboden sowie noch nicht haubare Holebestandi fur die Waldwirtschaft besitzen, published in the A.llgemeit(e Forst- und Jagdzei- turu, I Frankfort. 1840). FATJSTTJLTJS. The legendary shepherd who discovered the abandoned infants Romulus and Remus, and took them to his house, where they were brought up by his wife, Acca Larentia. Ili- liut was -how a on tlie I'alnt in. FATJSTTJS OF RIEZ, r§ ..'. A semi Pelagian of southern France, who lived during the fifth century. The place of his birth i- disputed, and the precise dales, of both hi:- birth and death, aii' unknown. lie entered the monastery at I .ii i n ii in (l.erins), where he was afterwards (about 433) made abbot. Here he was vigorous in defending Hie rights of the monastery against the Diocesan Bishop of FrSjus. After some twen ty-five yen's of service a- abbot, Faustus wa made Bishop oi Etegium (Riez), in Provence, which office he held until hi- death, During about four years of this time (c.481 185) he suffered exile, probably on account of his strictly orthodox Trinitarian doctrine, which offended the (Arian) West-Gothic King, Eurich. Faustus opposed all Ariariism and other Eastern heresies, e.g. Macedonianism and Nestorianism : but judged by August inian standards, he fell into error in his views respecting free will and divine grace. He belongs to that large class of fifth-century Churchmen who are called Semi-Pelagians, though perhaps Semi Augustinians would be a more ac- curate designation. (See Semi-Pelaoi wism. i He held peculiar views regarding the soul, appar- ently teaching its corporeality. Among Faustus's writings are letters, dogmatic and ethical treatises, and homilies. Two of his homilies on the Creed (wrongly attributed in the manuscripts of Eusebius of Emesa) are of spe- cial value. His interest in the ascetic life is illustrated by his six Sermones ad Monachos. His chief work, entitled On the Grace of God, exhibits the Semi I'elagian side of his teaching. An in- complete edition of Faustus's works may be found in Migne, Patrol, hat., lviii. ; a better edition is that by Engelbrecht, in Corpus Scriptorum Eccles. Lut.. xxi. (Vienna, 1891). Consult: Har- nack, History of Dogma, vol. v., English trans- lation (London, 1898) ; Fisher. Bistorg of Chris- tian Doctrine (New York, 1896). FATJVEAU, f.Vvo'. Felicie de (1803-87). A French sculptor. She was born in Florence of an old Legitimist family in Brittany, and was com- promised in the Royalist movement of 1S32. but escaped to Brussels. Among her works are: "The Abbot" ( from Scott's novel ) : "Judith Show- ing the Head of Holofernes to the People;" and a monument to Dante with a bas-relief representing the death of Paolo and Francesca. Her work has often grace and sentiment, but lacks tech- nique and real power. FAUVEL, fo'vel'. Sulpice Antoixe (1813- 84 ) . A French physician. He was born and edu- cated in Paris, and subsequently went to Turkey, where he became a member of the Sanitary Council at Constantinople (1S4S). Shortly after bis return to Paris in 1866. he was appointed in- spector-general of the Sanitary Department of the French Government. His works on the Oriental plague, the cholera, which he had closely studied during his long residence in the East, and typhus have been extremely valuable, and have had much influence on the quarantine regu- lat ions of numerous governments. His works in- clude; he cholera, rtiologic ct prophylaxie (1808); Rapports sur I'organisation du service des quarantaines en Turquie (1873); Rrglement giniral de police sanitaire maritime (1876).
