EMIGRATION. 41 EMILIA. worthiness, their facilities for earing for emi- grants, feeding them, and providing suitable med- ical attendance. They also prescribe rules for the sanitary inspection of vessels, the exclusion of persons suffering from contagious diseases, and kindred matters. A second feature of these laws relates to immi- gration agents and the immigration contract. In all the agent requires the license of some Gov- ernment authority for the prosecution of his busi- ness and is required to give bonds for his faithful observance of the law. He renders himself liable to fine or imprisonment by any false pretenses. In general these laws prescribe that the contract between the agent and the intending emigrant must be in writing. As an illustration of the scope of such laws it may be noted that in Germany any contract which contemplates the payment of the passage money after arrival is illegal, and that no contract can be entered into in which a foreign State or society pays any part of the passage money. In Switzerland contracts must be individual, and no agreement to furnish a given number of emigrants is valid. A third feature of such legislation is the establishment of official bureaus of information for intending emigrants, which is a special fea- ture of the Swiss and Belgian legislation, such officers to give no advice either for or against emigration, but to furnish the fullest possible authentic information upon any questions con- cerning foreign countries and transportation thereto which may be put to them. Such offices are intended as a corrective of the naturally glow- ing accounts furnished by interested agents, who, however strictly prohibited by the law from giv- ing false information, cannot readily resist the temptation to increase their business operations. Consult: Mayo-Smith. Emigration mid Immi- gration (New York, 1890) ; Philippovich (editor), Ausicandcriing iiml Auxirrtndmmgspolitik in Deutschland (Leipzig, 1892) ; id., "Auswan- derung," in Handivbrterbuch der Staatswissen- sohaften, edited by Konrad Elster and others, vol. ii. (Jena, 1899). To these might be added many of the English works on Colonization, such as those of Wakefield, Merival, and Torrens. Works which treat the subject from the standpoint of immigration are cited under that head. See Colony ; Immigration* ; Migration. EMIGRES, a'me'gra' (Fr., p.p. of emigrer, from Lat. emigrare, to emigrate). The name given to the Royalists who fled from France dur- ing the Revolution of 1789. After the disturb- ances at Paris and the taking of the Bastille (July 14, 1789), the princes of the royal family departed from France with a numerous following of the French nobility. In the autumn of the same year an even larger number took flight, and the climax was reached in 1791. at the time of the adoption of the new Constitution. Nobles, prelates, priests, and monks crossed the frontier into Germany. Holland, and Switzerland, and even penetrated in large numbers as far as Italy. France was drained of her aristocracy and left to the mercy of hot-headed revolutionists, while the flight of so many of the' nobility brought sus- picion on the King and those few who remained. The Emigres, in fact, did incalculable harm to France, not only by leaving their country at a time of grave crises and danger, but also by plot- ting with her enemies at a critical moment, and thus exasperating the Republicans. A court formed itself round the Bourbon princes at Coblenz; a government, with ministers and a tribunal of justice, was established, and communi- cation was kept up with all the foreign courts unfavorable to the Revolution. Under the command of the Prince of ( 'ond<S a corps of iniign'-.s was formed, which attached it- -elf to the force of the Duke of Brunswick, gathered at Coblenz. The result was that the severest laws were now put in force against the imigris. Their lands were confiscated, and the penalty of death was proclaimed against any one who should support or enter into communica- tion with them; thirty thousand of the nobility were placed on the list of cmii/nx and exiled forever from the soil of France, although many of them had refused to bear arms against their coun- try. Not until after the failure of their attempt to land at Quiberon in 1795 did they abandon all thoughts of penetrating into France by force of arms. Condi's corps, after the Peace of Lune- ville ( 1801 ) , was obliged formally to disband, and its leader sought an asylum in Russia. Already under the Directory (q.v. ), however, many emigres had endeavored to obtain permission to return to France. The general amnesty proclaim- ed by Napoleon as First Consul (1799) was, therefore, joyfully hailed by the greater portion of the rinigrcs. .Many, however, did not return un- til after the downfall of Napoleon. Dignities, pen- sions, and offices were then showered upon these faithful adherents of the Bourbons; but, ac- cording to the Charter of 1814, they were unable to recover either their estates or their privileges. Finally, under the Villele Ministry, those who had lost their land estates received a compen- sation of thirty million francs yearly based on a capital of one thousand million francs. This was by the law of April 27, 1825. After the July revolution, however, the grant was with- drawn. Consult: Saint-Gervais. Histoire des Emigres frangais depuis 1789 jusqu'a 1828 (3 vols., Paris, 1828) ; .Morse-Stephen-. History of the French Revolution (London. 1S91); Daudet, Histoire de I'cmigration Coblenz, 1780-1793 (Paris, 1889). See France. EMILE OTJ DE L'EDUCATION, a'mel' oo de la'du'ka'syON'. A socialistic and didactic treatise, in the form of a romance, by Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762). It derives its title from the name of its hero and preaches the benefit of a broader, less fixed, and less conventional policy in education generally. Its views led to tire condemnation of the work in France and Switzerland, but the educational reforms of which it was the cause have affected modern pedagogical methods in many features. See Rousseau, Jean Jacques. EMILIA. A territorial division of northern Italy, comprising the eight provinces of Bologna, Ferrara, Forli. Modena, Parma. Piacenza, Ra- venna and Reggio nell' Emilia. Area, 7920 square miles. Population, in 1891, 2.198,500; in 1901, 2,451,752. Prior to its inclusion in the Kingdom of Italy, in I860, it consisted of the former duchies of Parma and Modena and the Papal Romagna. The name is derived from the Via Emilia, a highway which traverses the dis- trict and was built by the censor .Fmilius Lepi- dus, B.C. 186. to connect with the Via Flaminia, or great northern road from Rome.
