FERDINAND II. 535 FERDINAND I. King triumphant, and Denmark was forced (<> the Peace of Liibeek in 1(1211. This was followed by Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution, which was to apply I" all ecclesiastical property which had be- come Protestant since the Peace of Passau (1552). Hut. (lie plan- of Ferdinand for reconverting the Empire to Roman Catholicism were suddenly checked by the irruption of Gustavus Adolphus, ting "I Sweden, in whom the Protestants found a deliverer. He landed in Germany in 1630, at the moment of the dismissal of Wallenstein through jealousy on the part of the Catholic League. Ferdinand had the mortification of see- ing tile whole of Germany overrun by the Protes- tants, and though Gustavus was slain at l.iilzcn, in 1632, in a groat battle against Wallenstein (who had been reinstated), the disasters to the Imperial cause continued. A blot on Ferdinand's eharaeter was the assassination of Wallenstein (q.v.) in 1034, to which there is little doubt the Emperor was privy. Though the Imperial army was victorious at Nordlingen, in 1634, and the Elector of Saxony made peace with the Emperor, yet when Ferdinand died, February 15, 1637, he [eft a heritage of war to his son, Ferdinand III., who had been chosen King of the Romans the Mar previous, and who had been previously crowned King of Hungary and Bohemia. Consult Hurter. Geschichte Kaiser Ferdinands II. und seiner Eltern ( Schaffhausen, 1850-64). See Aus- tria- II i'xoary ; Germany. FERDINAND III. (1608-57). Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to 1657. He was the son of Ferdinand II., and was born at Gratz, July 13, 1008. In 1625 he was crowned King of Hungary, and in 1627 of Bohemia as well. After the death of Wallenstein (1634), Prince Ferdinand was placed in nominal command of the Imperial forces, and in the same year, seconded by Gallas, he gained a great victory at Nordlingen over the Swedes and their allies. In 1636 he was crowned King of the Romans, and the next year succeeded his father as Emperor. Political reasons forced Ferdinand to continue the war, in which the French had become important factors, but in 1648, after negotiations extending over many years, the Peace of Westphalia (q.v.) put an end to the Thirty Years' War. In the Diet of that year, the last presided over by an emperor in person, Ferdinand effected important alterations in the administra- tion of justice. He died April 2. 1057, shortly after concluding an alliance with Poland against Sweden. His son, Leopold I., succeeded him in the Empire, as well as in the Austrian possessions ami Hungary. Consult Koch. Geschichte des Tleutschen Reichs unter Ferdinand III. (Vienna, 1865-66). See Austria-Hungary; Germany; Thirty Years' War. FERDINAND I., surnamed The Just (1379- 1416). King of Aragon from 1412 to 1416. He was the younger son of John I. of Castile and Leonora of Aragon. On the death of his elder brother. Henry III., in 1407, he refused the crown of Castile, but undertook the office of regent during the minority of his nephew. John II. In this capacity he distinguished himself by his prudent administration of home affairs, and by his victories over the Moors by land and sea. lie look the title rfc tntequera on the surrender of that fortress after a siege of five months (1410)'. On the death of his maternal uncle, King .Martin of Aragon and Sicily, in 1410, his i i.iini- to the throne, though noi derived through the usual laws of descent, were taken up and keenly pressed bj a powerful party in the State. Ihe quest ion oi i ae a wa - uli imately re- ferred to a committee of nine ju tally represent ing I atalonia and ragon, and the resuli was hi- election by a o aji rity in ill". After he had defeated Count Jaime of i rgel, the lasl and most formidable of bis ri>. d lie was formally crowned at Saragossa in I ill. He died April 2, 1416, at [gualad I was suc- ceeded by iii- -on, Alfonso V. FERDINAND II. King of Aragon. See Fi;ui>1am> V. OT CASTILE. FERDINAND I., Ger. /iron, fer'de-nanl (1793-1875). Emperor of Austria from 1835 to 1848. lie was the eldesl son of Francis I. by his marriage with Maria Theresa, of the House of Naples, and was born in Vien- na, April 19, 1793. While < rnwn Prince he; (raveled through the Kalian province- of Aus- tria, Switzerland, and part of France, and -In. wed ureal, interest in the various branches of in- dustry. In 1S30 he was crowned King of Hun- gary, and in 1831 married Anna, the daughter of Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, An unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him was mad.- bj a Captain Reinol in 1832. In 1835 he succeeded his father on the throne. It was expected that he would inaugurate a more liberal policy than that of his predecessors; but the absolutist principles triumphed, and Metternich was allowed to carry on the Government. A Council of State was formed and reactionary measures continued. Industrial and commercial activity was encouraged, however, and the term of military service reduced from fourteen to eight years. In 1846 advantage was taken of the insurrection in Galieia to annex Cracow to Austria. In March. 1848. Vienna became the scene of a revolutionary outbreak (see Austbia- Hitngary). and the Emperor was forced to dis miss Metternich, who fled from Vienna, and to appoint a responsible ministry. Simultaneously a revolutionary movement at Pesth secured the appointment of a national Hungarian ministry. In May Ferdinand retired with his Court to Innsbruck, but was induced to return to the capital in August, when the turmoil had subsided. But the October insurrection in Vienna made him again leave the palace of Schonbrunn and retire to Olmiitz, where, on December 2, 1848. he abdicated in favor of his nephew. Francis Joseph. He afterwards resided at Prague, where he died June 29, 1875. Con -nil Stiles, Austria in 18^8-49 I New York, 1852). FERDINAND I., Prince of Bulgaria (1861 — ). He was born in Vienna, the youngest son of Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Princess Clementine of Bourbon-Orleans, a daughter of Louis Philippe. While serving in the Hungarian Army he was offered in is-; the vacant throne of Bulgaria, and on August 14, 1887, took the oath to the Constitution. Although highly acceptable to his subjects, he was not recognized by Turkey or the Great Powers until 1806. To cement the friendly relations with Turkey and Russia, Prince Ferdinand visited the Sultan in 1897 and the Czar the following year. See Bn.c.ARIA. FER'DINAND I. ( ?-1065). King of Castile and Leon, surnamed The Great. He was the sec-
