FEROZEPORE. 549 FERRARA. FEROZEPORE, fe'roz-pOr'. See Firozpir. FER'RACTJTE, or FER'RAGUS ill. Fer- rari). A personage appearing in many mediaeval r ances, and in particular in Valentim and Orson. He is a giant of either Spanish, Portu- guese, or Saracen extraction, of great trength, and invulnerable until he meets Orlando, In his castle is a great head of brass, which answers all bis questions. FERRAND, fa'raN', Joseph i!S27— ). A French jurist. He was born at Limoges and from 1871 to 1871 was prefect successively of Haute Savoie, Aisne, and Calvados. In 1888 lie was appointed corresponding member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. Mis principal works are the following: De la propritte communale en France »' de &a mise en valeur (1859); Les institutions administratives en France et a I'Etranger (1879); La re'forme municipale en France et en Italic (1881); Les pays libres, leur organisation et leur education d'aprcs la legislation comparie (1884); L'or- ganisation municipale de Paris (1887). FERRAND, Marie Louis (1753-1808). A French soldier, born at Besangon. He saw his first active service under Count Rochambeau in America, and was present at the capitulation of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. His friendship for Lafayette led to his imprisonment during the Terror. In 1801, as second in command, he ac- companied General Leclerc's expedition to Santo Domingo. Ferrand was placed in command of the troops in the eastern part of the island, and was successful in his campaign; but the army under Leelere, in the western part of the island, after being almost wiped out of existence by yellow fever, had surrendered to the insurgents, and Ferrand, with only 1800 troops, found him- self suddenly face to face with a hostile army of 25,000 men, under Dessalincs, the rebel leader. He held out bravely for two years, until re- inforced by Admiral Missiessy. As Governor- General, in which position he succeeded Leclerc, he kept the island in comparative peace for sev- eral years. Toward the end of 1808 there was a general uprising, with which Ferrand, deserted by the Spanish colonists, was unable to cope. He was attacked and defeated by a superior force under Ramirez, a Creole leader, and killed himself on the battlefield rather than survive to bear what he considered the disgrace of defeat. FER'RAR, Nicholas (1502-1037). An Eng- lish theologian. He was born in London, the son of a wealthy merchant, and was educated at Cambridge. From 1018 to 1023, after extensive travels on the Continent, he gave up all his time to the Virginia Company. On the revocation of its charter in 1623, Ferrar turned his attention to political life, and in 1G24 was elected to Par- liament. Afterwards he bought a neglected manor house and estate at Little Gidding. in Hunting- donshire, where he was joined by the families of his brother and brother-in-law. He was ordained a deacon, and became the religious head of the community, although he never took priest's orders. With the' increasing hostility to everything par- taking of Catholicism, and the growth of Puritan- ism, Little Gidding was made the object of bitter attacks, a pamphlet published concerning it in 1G41 being entitled The Arminian Nunnery. At Little Gidding Ferrar lived quietly, devoting himself to theological studies and preparing a harmony oi I he i (o pel . oi the Mosaic Lai | a historj ol 1 1"' Israelites, rhese . oi k printed and bound by membei ol the con inity. Consult Peckard, Life 0/ Lfr. Sicholas Ferrat i ( Cambridge, 1 790 i, oi which i here ha ve bei a reprints and iv i FERRARA, fcr-ra'ra (Lat. Forum U A city in North Italy, capital oi the Province of Ferrara, 5 miles south oi the Po, 30 miles nort h of Bologna (Map: [ta Ij . I? 3) . It is ated in fertile, i shy, unhealthful territory, the threshold of the' city hall being '■'. feel lower than the level of the Po. The broad streets, the ancient walls, towers, and bastions, and t he crumbling palaces, attest the mediaeval glory of Ferrara when it was the -cat oi the House of Este (q.v.). In the ancient castle, now occupied by the local authorities and the telegraph office, are frescoes by Dosso Dossi, and dungeons, in one of which the faithless Parisina Malatesta (con- sult Byron's poem, "Parisina") was confined by her husband before being beheaded, May 21, 1425. The Cathedral of San Giorgio has. a striking facade, dating from the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth .■•nt uric-, but the interior was mod- ernized by Mazzarelli in 1712. Artists whose work is represented here are Baroncelli, Lom- bardi, Tura, Bastianino, Fr. Francia, Garofalo, Panetti, < riacomo da Siena. The campanile is mas- sive and handsome. Other interesting churches are San Francesco, dating from 1494 and covered with domes, with (sixteen repetitions), echo and frescoes by Garofalo and monuments of the House of Este: Santa Maria in Yado. which was altered in 14'.>5 in the Early Renaissance style, and has frescoes by Bonone; San Benedetto, built 1496- 1553, with paintings by Scarsellino. Other interesting buildings are the episcopal seminary, formerly the Palazzo Trotti, with fres- coes by Garofalo; the Palazzo Schifanoja, begun by Alberto d'Este in 1391, completed by Borso in 1469, with celebrated fifteenth-century frescoes, now an asylum for deaf mutes; the incomplete Palazzo CostaBili, with frescoes by Ercole Gran- di ; the sixteenth-century Palazzo de' Diamanti. containing the municipal Ateneo and an impor- tant picture gallery, most of the works in which belong to the school of Ferrara. at the head of which rank- Dosso Dossi ( I 179- 1542): the Hospital of Saint Anna, where Tasso was confined (1579-86) ; the tiny house of Ariosto. now the property of the city, and bear- ing a Latin couplet composed by himself: the house of the poet Guarini, which still belongs to his family. In the Piazza iriostea is a statue of Ariosto (1833) by Vidoni. and between the castle and the cathedral is a monument by Galet- ti to Savonarola (q.v.), born here in 1452. The university, which is not a State institu- tion, was founded in 1264, and. after various vicissitudes, reopened in lsir.. It has botanical gardens, a physical laboratory, faculties in medi- cine, mathematics, and jurisprudence, a rich col- lection of ancient .din, an, I inscriptions, and a library with 100,000 volumes, over 2000 manu- scripts (among them several from the hand of Ariosto himself), 3200 autographs, and numerous etchings, etc. The monument of Ariosto is in the library. Ferrara also has a theological seminary, a gymnasium, etc.. an Ariosto Society, four the- atres, numerous charitable institutions, a cham- ber of commerce, a telephone system, and public
