medical practice in New York City. In 1893 he was appointed assistant in neurology at Columbia University, and in 1898 also assistant in medicine in the New York University medical department. He collaborated in the preparation of the American Medico-Surgical Bulletin (1894-96); became an editor of The Medical Critic (New York) in 1901; contributed medical articles to the International Year-Book, and was editor-in-charge of the medical department of The New International Encyclopædia.
FER'RIS, Isaac (1798-1873). An American clergyman. He was born in New York City, and graduated at Columbia College in 1816. He served as bombardier at the Battery, New York City, during the War of 1812, under his father, Capt. John Ferris. After teaching Latin at the Al- bany .Academy, he studied theology under the Rev. Dr. John Mitchell Mason, and at the Reformed Dutch Church Seminary, New Bruns- wick, N. J., where he graduated in 1820. He was successively pastor at New Brunswick, N. J. (1821-24); Albany, N. Y. (1824-36); and in the Market Street Dutch Reformed Church, New York City, the fashionable church of the old Seventh Ward (1836-53). He was president of the New York Sunday-School Un- ion from 1857 to 1873, organizer and president of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Dutch Reformed Church, founder and president of Rutgers Female Institute, and third chancellor of the University of the City of New York, serving from 1852 till 1870, and by his admir- able management reliev ing the institution from the debt which had incumbered it since its foundation. His publications include Memorial Discourse; or, Fifty Years' Ministry in the Re- formed Church of America (1871). FER'RO (Sp. Hierro). The most westerly of the Canary Islands (q.v. ), having an area of about 105 square miles (Map: World. Eastern Hemisphere, G 19). It is of volcanic origin, rising to an altitude of 4640 feet; it has a popu- lation of over 6000. Ferro has been regarded as the most westerly point of the Old World. Geog- raphers at one time reckoned longitude from the meridian of the island, and this custom prevailed with German cartographers until recently. The meridian of Ferro is 17° 40' W. from Greenwich. FERROL, far-rol' (Lat. Ardobrica), El. A seaport in the Province of ( orunna, Spain, situ- ated on a narrow arm of the Bay of Betanzos, 12 miles northeast of Corunna [Map: Spain. A 1). Originally a fishing town, it was selected for its natural advantages as a seaport by Charles III., wl rected Here for the Spanish Navy what was at one time the finest naval arsenal in the world. The arsenal, will: dockyards and shops, covers an area of about 24 acres, and is still one of the largest shipbuilding centres in Spain. A naval school is maintained in connection with it. En- trance to the harbor of El Ferrol is gained only through a very narrow strait, which i- defended by the castles of San Felipe and Palma, The town, strongly fortified also on the land side, i three distinct sections, of which Fer- rol Nuevo is most notable. Here are many of buildings of the city, and the streets and regular. Kl Ferrol lias several lares and pleasant alamedas or promenades. The Plaza de linnas is the site of a fine me- morial fountain to Churruca, a celebrated naval officer. The city has manufactures of sailcloth, leather, spirits, chocolate, linen, and hardware, and carries on an important trade. The fisheries also constitute an extensive industry. Popula- tion, in 1900, 26,257. El Ferrol appears first in history in the early years of the thirteenth cen- tury, but it did not attain any particular impor- tance until its development in the eighteenth century as a naval station. An unsuccessful attack on the port was made in 1800 by the English. It was captured by the French in 1S09 and in 1823. FERRON, fa'rr.N'. Tiieophile, Admen (1830 — ). A French general, born at Pre-Saint-Ev- rault, Eure-et-Loire. He studied at the Ecole l'oh technique, entered the engineers in 1852, and rose to he colonel in 1878 and a general of divi- sion in 1886. He distinguished himself in the Crimea, was appointed a professor of military science in the Ecole d' Application at Metz. be- came connected with the Ministry of War in L880, and received the portfolio of War in 1887. His publications comprise: Considerations sur le systime defensif de la France (1873): Con- siderations sur le systeme defensif de Paris (1875) ; and Instruction sommaire sur le combat (1883). FERROTYPE (from Lat, ferritin, iron + Gk. tGitos, typos, type), or Tintype. A photo- graphie print made on a plate of enameled iron previously coated with black varnish, and im- mersed first in collodion and then in a sensitive silver solution. After a few seconds' exposure, the operator proceeds at once to develop, fix, and wash the plate, on which the picture, though really nothing but an insufficiently exposed or poorly developed negative, appears like an ordi- nary photograph, owing to the dark color of the background. Consult Estabrooke, Ferrotype, and How to Make It (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1872). See Photography. FERRTJCCI, for-roc/che, Andrea (1465-1526). An Italian sculptor, born at Fiesole. He was a pupil of Michele Maini. He has much of the pure devotional charm of Mino, Rossellino. and Desiderio, although his later works, especially the "Saint Andrew" (in the Florence Duomo), show the influence of Michelangelo. He was superin- tendent of the works of the Duomo from 1512 to 1518, and executed a bust of Marsilio Ficino and a statue of Saint Andrew there. His master piece is the marble baptismal niche in the Cathe- dral of Pistoja, the compartments carved in relief with scenes from the life of Christ. The figures are nearly life size, and the composition is of great beauty. Other works are a marble reredos of exquisite detail, with an •'Annunciation" in two medallions, in the Cathedral of Fiesole; a "Holy Family," in the Bargello, Florence; the tomb of the Saliceti, in San Martino, Bo logna; and the decoration of the aisle of San Martino for Ferdinand I. of Naples. The tomb of Antonio Strozzi, in Santa Maria Novella, Florence, which was begun by Ferrucci, was emu pleted l' hi- pupil. Casini, and Tommaso Boscoli, FERRY t from AS. ferian, to carry. Goth, far- fan, 1" row, causative of AS.. Goth., OHG. faran, Ger. fahren : connected with Gk.wep&v, peran, Skt. par, to cross). A passage by boat, generally across a comparatively narrow waterway not readily provided with a bridge. Common row-
