FEYEN-PERRIN. 575 FIACRE. FEYEN-PERRIN, pe-r&s'., I'i:a.< ois Nico- las Ai oustln ( 1826 88). A French genre paint- er, the brother of Eugene Feyen, born at Bej jur la-Seille (Meurthe). He studied under Jfvon and Cogniel at the Ecole dea Beaux-Arts. In 18(14 be exhibited bis first successful picture, "The Beach." A series of Breton studic- show him at his best. He is a better draughtsman and eolorist than bis brother, and lias rendered the atmosphere of the sea with fine effect. His pictures include "Return of the Oyster Fishers" (1S74; Luxembourg); "The Winnower" (1807); "Return from Fishing at Low Tide," and, in another manner, "The Death of Orpheus" (1878), and the portrait of Alphonse Daudet. He received medals at the Salons of 1865 and 1874, and the Legion of Honor in 1881. FEYJ60 Y MONTENEGRO, fa'S-Hc/6 e mon'ta-na'gro, Benito Ger6nimo (1676-1764). A Spanish critic and scholar, born at Cardamiro, near Orense. He entered the Benedictine Order. and lived all his life at one of the monasteries of the Order at Oviedo, where he died. He studied not only religion, but mathematics, philosophy, and medicine, and was almost the first to appre- ciate how far Spain was behind other European countries in these matters. Feyjoo's works in- cluded the Teatro crltico universal para desen- gafw de errores comunes (1726-60), which ap- peared in eight volumes. The Teatro has been compared to Addison's Spectator, but it is of a weightier quality. Feyjoo wrote about the posi- tion of women ; the manners of the clergy ; the scientific discoveries of Galileo, Bacon, Pascal, and Newton; popular fallacies concerning comets and eclipses; and other matters. In 1739 he ceased to publish the Critico. In 1742 he began Cartas eruditas y curiosas (1742-60), which continued the leavening process begun by the other. His complete works were published in Madrid (1780). FEZ. One of the capitals of Morocco, situated about 130 miles south of the Strait of Gibraltar in a valley surrounded by high hills (Map: Africa, D 1). The city lies on both banks of a tributary of the Sebu, which divides it into the two parts of Fez el-Bali, the old town, and Fez el-Jedid. It is a very ill-built town, with narrow, filthy streets, with no sanitary arrangements, which, together with a humid climate and an in- adequate water-supply, make it most unhealth- ful. In its flourishing days Fez had about 90.000 dwelling-houses and 800 mosques. Of the latter only about 130 are left. Of these the most impor- tant are Muley-Edris, containing the tomb of Edris II. (the reputed founder of Fez), and Jama- Karubin, to which is attached one of the highest educational institutions of the Mohammedan world, and which contains a large library of Ara- bian works on theology. Fez has also a number of minor schools, and is still regarded as an impor- tant educational centre. The industries are con- siderable, the products including leather, rugs. shawls of silk, and the red 'Fez' caps. In point of commerce Fez is the most important city of northwestern Africa. It is the distributing centre for European products from Marseilles and Lon- don, while its caravans travel as far as Tim- buktu, The population of Fez. formerly about 400.000, is now estimated at 140.000. consisting chiefly of Moors, and with some Arabs. Berbers, and about 10,000 Jews. The foundation of Fez is usually believed to have taken place at the end of the eight li century (I'.i attributed to Edris II. The city was held in high veneration by the Mohammedans, and attracted numerous pil- grims. In the thirteenth century it became the capital of an independent State, when it pros- pered greatly. In tl»- mid. lie ..f tin. sixteenth century it passed to Morocco, and since then it has gradually declined. FEZ. A red brimless cap of fine wool, lilting closerj to tin' head, with a tassel of black or blue, worn in Turkey. Persia, Greece, Albania, Fgypt, and on the shores of the Levant generally, and designating a Turkish subject, even if not a Mus- sulman. The name was derived from the town of Fez, in Morocco, where Buch caps were first made. In Africa it is also called tariush. FEZZAN, fez-zan'. A lieutenant-governorship of the Turkish Vilayet of Tripoli, in northern Africa (Map: Africa, F 2). It is an ex- tensive oasis occupying the southern portion of the vilayet, with a total area of about 150,000 square miles. The greater portion of the surface consists of hills of black quartz sandstone, among which the most prominent are the Jebel-es-Soda or Black Mountains, running from east to west for a distance of about 170 miles, and not exceed- ing 3000 feet in altitude. The northwestern part of the country is an elevated waterless plateau known as Harumada-el-Homra. while the southern portion is a desert. The rivers are insignificant, and vegetation is found mainly along the wadies, or dried-up river-courses, where also ;ire lo- cated the chief centres of population. The chief of these wadies are the Shati, lying between lati- tudes 27° and 28° N., and the Sherki. situated south of the Shati, the centre of the most fertile section of Fezzan. The climate is hot and dry in the summer, and cold in the winter. Not more than a tenth of the area is cultivable. In the neighborhood of the villages, which are situated mainly in the wadies, wheat, barley, etc., are grown partly with the aid of artificial irrigation. The date is the principal article of food. Large numbers of camels and horses are raised. The population is estimated at a little over 40,000. The inhabitants are a mixed race, of a brown color, generally well formed, and in many re- spects resembling the negro. The original inhabi- tants belonged to the Berber family, but since the invasion of the country by the Arabs the traces of this native North African element have grad- ually disappeared. The chief elements in the population are Tuaregs, Arabs, Moors, and negroes. The language spoken is a corrupt mixture of Berber and Arabic. The capital i- Murzuk (q.v.). Fezzan is the Phazania of the ancients, and was conquered in B.C. 19 by the Romans under the proconsul L. Cornelius Balbus. Christianity was introduced ai the end of the sixth century, but with the conquest of the territory by the Arabs at the end of the seventh century Mohammedanism took its place. The territory was governed by its own pin under the suzerainty of the Arabs, and sol.-. quently became a tributary State of Tripoli. With the extinction of its dynasty "f ruler-,. Fezzan became, after a period of internal uprisings and usurpations, a dependency of Tripoli. FIACRE, fv.i'kr'. or FIACHRACH. Saint ( ?-c.670). A monk of France in the seventh cen- tury. He was horn of noble parents in Ireland. He became an anchorite, and then left his native
