FITCHBURG. 686 FITZALAN. inal city charter, by an annually elected mayor and a bicameral city council, of which the upper house is elected at large and the common council by wards. With the consent of the board of aldermen, the executive nominates the park com- mis-.ii .11. board of health, license commission, li- brary trustees, and police department; all other municipal officials are elected by the council. The citv owns and operates its water-works. Population, in 1890, 22,037; in 1900, 31,531. Consult Torrey, History oj the Town of Fitch- burg (Fitchburg, 1865). FITCHY, or FITCHEE (from Fr. fichc, p.p. of ficher, to drive in. It. ficcare, to fix, from Lat. figere, to fix, to fasten I . A term in heraldry sig- nifying pointed, and usually applied to a cross the lower arm of which has been sharpened so that it may be fixed in the ground. This form is derived from the crosses carried by pilgrims as walking-sticks. See Hebaldry. FITGER, fit'ger, Arthur Heinkich Wn,- HELM (1840 — ). A German poet and historical painter, born at Delmenhorst (Oldenburg). He was a pupil of Cornelius and Genelli at the Munich Academy; later he studied at Antwerp, Paris, and Rome, and in 1809 established his studio in Bremen. As a painter he became known for his large decorative works, ex- ecuted chiefly at Bremen. The motif of these is derived for the most part from the legendary or the purely fantastic, and elaborated with a wealth of coloring acquired from Rubens and the Venetians. They include a frieze (in monochrome), representing the development of German civilization, for the Rutenhof, Bremen; the frieze for the gallery of the Bourse in that city; fourteen pictures for the banquet hall of the ducal residence at Altenstein, Saxe Meinin- gen : "The Four Elements" for the Kunsthalle of Hamburg; the decorations for the salle-des-fetes of the Bremen Kiinstlerhaus : and paintings for the Hamburg Town Hall. His publications in- clude: Adalbert von Bremen, a tragedy (1873); Hie Hexe ( 1S75), a philosophical drama, marked by a considerable dignity of expression and skill- ful character drawing; Von Gottes Gnaden I 1883 I . a political drama, stilted in expression and pup- pet-like in action; Fdhrendes Volk (1S75: 4th ed. 1894), and WinternachU (1881), volumes of poems. He also rendered into German (1S86) Byron's Marino Faliero, and fur the Denkmale dir Geschichte und Kwnst Bremens il>>77) pre- pared a history of the local cathedral. FITTIG, fit Ik, Rudolf ( 1835— ) . A German chemist, born at Hamburg. He studied chem- istry at GSttingen, and became assistant to Wr.liler. the celebrated organic chemist, in 1858. From 1860 to 1S70 he taught at Gottingen, in the latter year was appointed full professor of chenl istry at. Tubingen, and in 1876 was made profes- sor at Strassburg. His literary activity consisted mainly in his reBditing Wiihler's work on organic chemistry. On the other hand, his name is con- nected with ;i number of original contributions, which have funned an integral part of (he science • ■t organic chemistry, lie discovered the inter osting elnss iif substances ter d lactones (an- hydrides formed from com] nds which are ;it nine acids :< ii< 1 alcohols, ju^i as esters arc formed by the action of acids on alcohols). Further- more he effected the synthesis of a number of ompounds of carbon and hj drogen, and discovered phenanthrene and other impor- tant substances in coal-tar. FITTING, fifing, Hermann Heinrich (1831 — ). A German jurist. He was born at Mau- ehenheim, and studied at Wtirzburg, Heidelberg, and Erlangen. In 1857 lie was appointed pro- fessor of Roman law 7 at Basel, and in 1862 be was called in the same capacity to Halle. From 1SG4 to 1S78 he was engaged in publishing the Arcliir fur die cvoilistiseht Praxis. lb- wrote Der Reichscivilprosess (7th ed. 1890) and Das- Retchskonkursreehi ami Konkursrerfahren (2d ed. 1883). FITZ (AS. fiz, OF. fis, fils, Fr. fils, from Lat. /Hi us, son). An old Norman word signifying 'son.' Like the Scotch J/«c, the Irish O', and the Oriental Ben, it is prefixed to proper names to signify descent, as in the Norman names Fitz- William, Fitzwalter, Fitzgerald. A later applica- tion of it has been to denote the natural sons of royalty, as in Fitzroy, Fitzjames, and Fitz- clarence. FITZAL'AN, Henry, twelfth Earl of Arundel (c. 1511-80). An English statesman, son of Wil- lian and Anne Percy. He was a godson of Henry VIII., and early entered his service. For his part in the storming of Boulogne (1544) he was re- warded with the office of Lord Chamberlain, in which position he was retained by Edward VI. But Warwick was jealous of Arundel's influence over the King, and removed him from the council on charges which were never proved. In 1551, when Somerset was for a second time sent to the Tnwci.a strong effort was made to implicate Arun- del, and he was pardoned only on signing a confes- sion of his guilt and paying a heavy line. Arundel feigned acquiescence in Northumberland'-, plan to bring Lady Jane Grey to the throne, ami at the same time worked eageTly for Mary, lie Kept in favor with her while she was Queen, and was made her Lord Steward; but in spite id' her kind- ness, he dared to remonstrate with her on her treatment of Elizabeth. When Elizabeth was crowned. Arundel was Lord High Constable and was kept in office, but quarreled with her in 1562 after site had reproached him foT planning for the succession during her illness, and two years later resigned his post as Lord Steward. Received again into the Queen's favor, lie began to plot in behalf of Mary Stuart, and tried to bring about Iter marriage with Norfolk, which he trusted would result in the overthrow of Eliza- beth. On the discovery of the pint he was kept under guard during the Northern Insurrection; Lot he had not committed himself in the rebel- lion, ainl in 1570 was recalled t" the council. A year later, when it was proved that be had long been plotting sedition, he was arrested ami kepi under guard in his own hmise. The last three years of his life were passed in quiel retirement. FITZALAN, RICHARD, Earl of Arundel and Surrey (1346-97). An English admiral, and a leader of the barons/ against King Richard II. He was son of Richard ami Eleanor Fitzalan, and succeeded his father in Li7ti. lie was one i'f the standing council appointed by the Good Parlia- ment, was chief butler a1 Richard tl.'s coronation, and iii 1380 was made a commissioner to regu late the royal household, lie had been appointed ilmii a I of t he West and accompl ished ver Id lie. though In- victorj over the French off Margate (1387) is railed in French historians the salva-
