FLEETWOOD. 717 FLEISCHER. of attempting to succeed him as Lord Protector, and although he gave his support to Richard Cromwell, he was constantly the centre of the army intrigues to supplant him. Be was com missioned commander-in-chief of the army in 1659. He took no part in the restoration of Charles II.. but did not oppose it, and as a re- sult was included in the Act of Indemnity, being merely incapacitated from holding office, lie lived for 32 years after the Restoration, but did not again take part in public affairs. FLEETWOOD, Ceoroe (?-c.1665). An Eng- lish Parliamentary leader, born in Buckingham. He represented his native shire in the Long Par- liament (1647), and in 1G49 he signed the death warrant of Charles I. He had raised dragoons in the service of Parliament, and Cromwell made him first a knight, then a lord. At the Restora- tion he was condemned to death as a regicide, but upon forswearing his former allegiance and furnishing proofs of repentance he was merely deprived of his estates. He spent the remainder of his life in America. FLEETWOOD, George (1605-67). A general in the Swedish service, born at Cope, Bedfordshire, England. In 1630 he joined Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, and raised an infantry regiment for him in England. He was knighted in 1632, and was made a baron by Queen Christina in 1654. Two years later he was made lieutenant-general, and in 1665 a member of the Swedish Council of War. He married in Sweden (1640), and had two daughters and four sons. One of the latter became a soldier in the guard of Charles II. FLEETWOOD, John. The name — probably a pseudonym — given as that of the author of The Life of Jesus Christ and the Apostles, first published in London in 1767, and many times reprinted. The work had an immense circula- tion, and for nearly one hundred years was the only life of Jesus read in religious families in English-speaking countries. It is now unread- able. The Christian Prayer Book and a Chris- tian Dictionary are also attributed to the same author. FLEETWOOD, William (1656-1723). An English clergyman and author, born in the Tower of London, and educated at Eton and Cambridge. He took holy orders and became a noted preacher of his time. He was appointed royal chaplain to William and Mary, and was canon at Windsor under Queen Anne, who after- wards made him Bishop of Saint Asaph (1708). Nine years before his death he was elected Bishop of Ely, and he was buried in that cathe- dral. A number of his sermons were published, and his nephew collected these into a single vol- ume (1737). FLEGEL, fla'gel, Robert (1855-86). A Ger- man traveler, born at Vilna, Russia. In 1875 he became connected with the factory at Lagos, Guinea, West Africa, in 1879 ascended and sur- veyed the Benue, and from that time on was unceasing in his efforts to open that river and the adjacent region to German trade. In 1882 he discovered the source of the Benue near Ngaum- dere, Kamerun. He visited Europe in 1884, ob- tained the support of the German African Society and of the Colonial Union, and was commissioned by the Emperor to present gifts to the Sultan of the powerful native State of Sokoto. When he returned, however, with the object of establishing trading posts in the district between the Niger and i !"■ Benue, in- found i hat t he territ irj had already been occupied by the English Niger Com- pany. Be was recalled to Europe in 1886, but died on the coast. Be wrote Lost Mattel o i dem T age ouch mevnei Han sa-Freund< !■■ 1 Vom Niger-Benue, Briefi aus ifrika (1890). Consult also titti ilungi n der a i fu " Qesellschaft in Deutschland, vols iv. and . i B lin, 1883-89). FLEGIER, fia'zhya', Anoe (1846—). A French composer, born in Marseilles. Be entered the Paris Conservatory, and there Btudied under Bazin and Ambroise Thomas. In 1875 his one- act comic opera Fat ma was performed in Mai seilles. A most versatile composer, !n-> various works include: Ossian, a symbolic poem; Hondo nocturne, for orchestra: Seines antiques, a suite for orchestra; La nuit, for full choir and orches- tra; and numerous marches, instrumental pieces, overtures, etc. FLEISCHER, fllsh'er. BeINEICH LEBEBECHT (1801-88). A distinguished German Orientalist, born at Schandau in Saxony. He studied the- ology and Oriental languages in Leipzig and later in Paris, under De Sacy and Caussin de Perceval, from 1824 to 1828. He began his career as teacher at a gymnasium in Dresden, to which post he was appointed in 1831, and while there catalogued the manuscripts in the Oriental de- partment of the Saxon Royal Library. In 1835 he was appointed to a professorship of Oriental languages in the University of Leipzig, which he retained until his death, in 1888. Fleischer be- came the teacher of almost all the Oriental scholars in Germany during two generations, and his career marks an epoch in Oriental studies. He is principally known as an Arabist. His most important publications are: ( 1 ) Abulfeda. Historia Ante-lslamica, with notes and a Latin translation (1831) ; (2) an edition of Ali's Hundred Sayings (1837); and (3) an edition of Beidhawi's Commentary on the Koran (1844-48); and three volumes of Beitragr zur arabischen Sprachkunde (1863-84). In addition to this, he assisted in editing a large num- ber of texts published by the various scholars, made many contributions to Levy's Aramaic and Talmudieal dictionaries, and in numerous other ways left an impress on Oriental studies in the nineteenth century. He was one of the founders of the German Oriental Society, and a constant contributor to it and to the Royal Saxon Academy. FLEISCHER, Moritz Anton Hermann ( 1843 — ) . A German agricultural chemist, born atCleve, Prussia. He studied in Berlin, and after several years of service as assistant in various agri- cultural institutions, he was made director of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Bonn in 1875, and that of Bremen in 1877. In 1891 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the Agricultural Institute of Berlin, and remained connected with the Agricultural Experiment Station of Bremen in the capacity of curator. His published works include: Die Thatigkeit der Central-Moorhommission (1882); Die Torf- streu, Hire Berstellung und Verwendtmg (1890). He also wrote important parts of the Landwirt- schaftliche Jahrbucher, and of the Protokollc der Sitzungen der Central- Moorkommission. For ten
