his death in 1607 at Naples depriving the und< i taking of his personal superintende Fontana's son, Giuglio Cesabe, heir to bis father's great wealth, and some oi his geniu . was appointed royal architect on his decease, His brother, Giovanni Fontana, (c L540 1614), assisted him as engineer, landscape architect, and contractor, i the beginning of his career, and succeeded him as Papal architect when he left Rome in 1592. Another and later architect of the samc> name, Carlo Fo u s. (1 63 I 1714), was a pupil of Bernini, and built in Rome and elsewhere in the Baroque style. San Marcello and the Bolognetti and Grimani palace in Romi the Liechtenstein Villa in Vienna, and the Vis- conti Villa at Frascati are among his works. Consult: Mili/.ia, Le oite dei pill celebri arehi tetti (Rome, 1708), translated by Cresy; The Lives of Celebrated Architects, Indent and Modern (London, 1820). Modern authorities, with full illustrations, are Lhc, S/iiil h'enaissnncr, ( Berlin, 1880) ; and Strack, liaitrft nlnunler h'oms des 15-19 Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1891).
FONTANA, Felice (1730-1805). A celebrat-
ed Italian physiologist. At the termination of an
elaborate course of study carried on in the uni-
versities of Verona, Parma, Padua, and Bologna,
he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in
the University of Pisa by Francis I.. Grand Duke
of Tuscany. Leopold, on succeeding his father,
appointed Fontana Court physiologist, and
charged him with the organization of a museum
of natural history and physiology, which com-
prises a superb collection of specimens of iiie
animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, be-
sides an elaborate series of wax models, repre
senting the human body as a whole, and each
organ separately. A similar collection was pre-
pared by Fontana for the Museum of Vienna by
order of the Emperor Joseph II. His writings in-
clude: ly'irerchc /ilosnfirhi' supra In /isica animate
(1781) ; Dei mnii dell' iride (17d.">) ; Trait,'- sui-
te renin ile la ri/n re el sur les poisons mnerieniiis
(1781): and Choice d'observaiions physiques et
eh irurgicales ( 1 785 ) .
FONTANA, Giovanni (1540-1014). An Ital-
ian architect, born at Jlili. on Lake Como, and
the brother of Domenico, the great Italian archi-
tect. He went, to Rome to study, where he was
joined by his brother, and afterwards helped him
in many of his buildings. He himself designed
the not very remarkable palace of the Giustini-
ani. He did his most important work as a hy-
draulic engineer. He superintended the cleans-
ing of the Tiber, built canals, restored the Cloaca
.Maxima, built the aqueducts at Loretto and
Recanati. and erected the walls or parapets
around the cascades at Tivoli.
FONTANA, Lavinia (1552-1614). An Kal-
ian painter of (he Bolognese school. She was the
daughter and pupil of Prospero Fontana. She
executed religions, historical, and mythological
canvases, but was especially famous as a fashion-
able portrait painter. Her reputation, however,
has waned. She lived at Bologna, then at Rome,
where she was made a member of the Academy
of Saint Luke. Among her best portraits arc
those of Pope Gregory X11L, and that of herself,
in possession of Count Zappi da Imola. Her hus-
band, Paolo Zappi, an amateur, assisted her in
her painting.
FONTANA, PttOSPl Bi
painter ol Bologn i H
i he i.mn. 1 1 idied in Bi
under Innoci ozio da I mola . he « a , ho
mile need b ., .. 1 1 t pou
I he leeorillllelld.il 1-0 o! M lehela lice |o i |
plo id by Pope Juliu 1 1 1 al B 1 aftei
wards assisted Primaticcio in decorating the Pal
ace of Fontainebleau. I be res! oi bi
pa i d at Bologna, « I ii d in 1597. He
• ercised ih influence u] t be arl ol Bologna
ol a detrimental aatun rdi to Lanzi
and numbered among bis pupils the '
(q.v.), who deserted hi- method I alocert, and
others, lie was a pail i great facility, but
ol i reel and negligent mel hod His best
works are at Bologna, and his portrait
l ni ler than his historical c |
FONTANE, foN'tan', Mabius (1838—). A
French aul hoi born a! Marseilles. I [e beet
ei retary to Ferdinand de Lesseps, who made him
general secretary of the Suez I npany,
and afterwards a member of the hoard of direc-
tors ol the Panama Canal Company. Upon the
revelations connected with the latter enterprise
lie was condemned to two years' imprisonment,
but later was acquitted (1893). His publica-
tions enter many fields, and include: Confidences
de la oingtiimi annie (1863) : Sdlim I'igi
(1865); La guerre d'Amdriqut (2 vols., 1866);
and L'histoire universelle (vol. i., 1881; vol. x.,
L899; unfinished).
FONTANE, fon-tii'nr. Theodob i 1819-98). A
noteworthy German author, horn at N'euruppin
(Brandenburg), Alter study at the Industrial
School of Berlin and three years (1840
as an apothecary's apprentice at Leipzig and
Dresden, he turned to the in i genial acti
ities of journalism and literature. He was an editor
on the stall' of t he i ». Preussischi Zeitung from
I Slid to 1870, and from 1870 to L889 ma I
t horitat hely as dramatic critic foi the I
Zeitung. In 1870 he visited the scene ol war in
France, and was taken prisoner al Dornremy. Ile
was a close student of the thought and literature
of England, where he resided in 1844, 1852, and
1855-59, chiefly for the purpose of investigating
the old ballads which had so important an effect
upon his own earlier work as a poet. In Is7d
he was elected tirst secretary of the Berlin Acad-
emy of Arts, and in 18111 received :ill(lil marks from
Get man Emperor in recognit ion of his services
to German literature. He published t wo collect ions
of verse: Oedichti (1851, 7th ed. 1901), and BaU
laden (1861), of whose contents such poems us
"Archibald Douglas," done in the very -pirit of
their English prototype-, placed him among the
foremost modern ballad writers. Volumes based
on his observations in Great Britain lit
land (1860); Jenseii des Tweed (I860)— or on
the Franco Prussian War- Kriegsgi angen (1871,
51 ii ed l 900 i : / A i i< g pi •: i /', a
i 1873-75) — were much esteemed in Germany, and
his Wanderungen durch die Mart Brandt
1861-82, numerous Bubsequeni editions) estab-
lished him as the peculiar interpreter of that
region. It was from Brandenburg also that he
drew the material for many in his -eric- of works
of fiction, which lie began in 1878 with lor dem
Sturm, and (dosed with Her Stechlin (1899).
His Irrungi n, Wirrungi i I 1888, 6th ed. 189
credited with the introduction of what has be-