GBABBE. 95 GRACCHUS. faulty construction. His complete works were publislied at Leipzig in 1S70, and at Detinold in 1874. Consult also Zieglcr, trrabbea Lcbeii und Choniklii- (Hamburg, 1S55). GBABE, grii'bc, Joiix Ernest (IGtiO-lTU). A Uennini liililieal and patristic scholar. He was born at Kunigsberg, and w-as educated there. Be- coming dissatisfied with the Lutheran Church, he thought of joining the I'atludic Church : b>it changed his mind and betook himself to England instead. He settled at Oxford in 10'J5, and won distinction by his editions of the Fathers, and particularly of the Septuagiut (1707-1'J). He died in London, Xovembcr 3, 1711. GRABEN-HOFEMANIT, grinien h^')f'm; , GrsTAV. See Hoffmaxx, Glstav Gr.use.v-. GRABOW, graTjo, Wiliielm (1802-74). A Prussian politician, born at Prenzlau (Branden- burg) . He studied at Berlin, became councilor of the city court, and was a prominent Liberal mem- ber of" the United Diet of 1847-48, and of the National Assembly of 1848, acting for a short time as its president. From 1862 to 1806 he was repeatedly elected president of the Lower Chamber of the Prussian Diet. He was a con- sistent opponent of Bismarck in Prussian polities. GEABOWSKI, gra-bov'ske, Michal (1805- 63). A Polish author, born in the Government of Kiev. He was one of the group of Ukrainians who gathered about Groza, Zaleski, and Gosz- czATiski, and was an ardent defender of roman- ticism. Besides critical writings, he wrote some novels in the manner of Scott. His works in- clude: Literatura i Kryfyka (1837-40): Korre- spondena/a literacka (1843-48) ; Koliszcz!/::im i Stepii (1838): Stannica luiJajpolska (1841); Zamiec w stcpach (1802) : Taikury (1845) ; Pan starosta Kanioicski (1856); Pamietiiiki ilomove (1845) : and an interesting work on The Ukraine as If Was and as It Is (1850). He also contrib- uted critical articles to the magazines. GRACCHANTJS, grak-ka'nus, M. Juxirs. A Latin author, who, according' to Pliny, assumed his cognomen on account of his friendship with C. Gracchus. He wrote a treatise, De Polestati- has, addressed to T. Poniponius Atticus, the father of Cicero's friend, in which he gave an ac- count of the Roman constitution and magistracies from the time of the kings. Tliis work is lost, but it is frequently cited by Pliny, Varro, and Cicero, and j)arts of It a^-e preserved in the De Moffisfraiihus of .Toannes Lydus. Consult: Ger- lach. Grschichtschreiber der Romer (Hamburg, 1851): Jlercklin. Dc Jnnio Gracchano (Dorpat, 1S40-41) : and Huschke. Jurlsprudentia Anteius- tiniano. 5' (Ix'ipzig, 1886). GRACCHUS. The cognomen of a distin- guished branch of the Sempronia gens in ancient Rome. Many of the name became famous in history. The following are the most important: Tiberius Semproxii's Gracchu.s ( ?-b.c. 212). A general durins the Second Punic War. Elected consul in B.C. 215. when Hannibal was scour- ing Campania and .^^pulia. he gathered a force of volunteer slaves and provincials, and routed the Campanians with great loss near Cumop, which he seized and held against the as- saults of Hannibal's army. At the end of his con- sulship, his imprriiim (q.v.) was continued, so that he could spend the year 214 in Apulia, with headquarters at Beneventum, from which the Carthaginian general Hanno tried in vain to dislodge him. He was consul again in 213, and carried on an active war in Lucania. In 212, while again operating in Apulia, he was betrayed, and perished in an unciiual struggle with Mago the Carthaginian. Hannibal gave him the honor of a public funeral. TiuERifs Semproxius Gracchus (c.210b.c.-?), statesman and general. As a young man he served on the statV of the consul L. Cornelius Scipio in Greece (u.c. 190) ; was tribunus plebis in 187; pnetor in 181, with administration in Spain, where he brought the wild Celtiberian tribes imder Roman control; consul in 177. He crushed a formidable revolt in Sardinia, and returned to celebrate his triumph with large numbers of captives. As censor in 169 he constructed the Basilica Sempronia, near the Roman Forum. He was special envoy in Asia Minor in 104, and consul again in 163. The year of his death is not known. He married Cornelia, daughter of P. Scipio Africanus, by whom he had twelve children, all of whom died young but three — two sons, the famous Gracchi, and a daughter. Tiberius Semproxits Gracchus, son of the preceding (c.163-133, B.C.). As their father died when they were very young, Tiberius and his brother Gaius" (see following page) were brought up under the special care of their mother, Cornelia. Tiberius had his first military experi- ence in Africa, on the staff of his brother-in-law, Scipio Africanus the Younger, and took part in the capture and destruction of Carthage (B.C. 146), on which occasion he is said to have been the first Roman to scale the city wall. In B.C. 137 he acted as quaestor to the army of the con- sul Hostilius Mancinus in Spain, where the people of Xumantia Avould treat with no other Roman than the son of their former benefactor. He was thus enabled to save from utter de- struction an army of 20,000 Romans, who had been defeated and were at the mercy of the Xumantines. But the peace was considered dis- graceful by the aristocratic party at Rome, and was repudiated. On their return to Rome, the consul was disgraced, as being wholly responsible, but Tiberius was held in high esteem by the populace, who saw in him a champion of justice. His interest in the cause of the common people was roused by the sight of the vast estates of wealthy Romans worked by gangs of slaves, while the poor free citizens had neither land nor means of employment. He determined to dedicate himself to the reform of this deplorable state of things, and became a candidate for the tribuneship, to which he was elected in B.C. 133. The bill which Tiberius, as tribune, now proposed involved a renewing of the Licinian Rogations (q.v.), with many modifications designed to lighten the hardships of those who, in good faith or profiting by the laxness of a century or more, had acquired 'title' to the public domain. Such a bill was to be submitted to the vote of the people, tribe by tribe, in the comitia trihuta. Its popularity was manifest, and its passage was assured, when the opposition found a means to block its way. at least temporarily. One of the tribunes. Caecina. was induced to put a veto on the measure, and the veto of a tribune over- weighed even the voice of the tribes themselves. Tiberius was forced to impeach the tribune, an unheard-of measure and one which laid him open
