GRAVELOTTE. 155 GRAVESANDE. movement was thus delayed. A premature at- tack on the Frencli centre and left which was begun about noon at Veraeville ^^■as checked by a withering tire from the French, the irregular na- ture of the terrain making the advance of the Cierman infantry exceedingly diflicilt. An ill- advised charge l)y the First Cavalry Division was repulsed and served only to throw the German right for a time into confusion; and though by nightfall the Germans had succeeded in carrying the heights of JIoscou, Saint-Hubert, and Point- du-.Iour, the fighting in that quarter attained no decisive point. The outcome of the battle was decided on the French right, where the flanking manamvre of the Germans, though delayed, was finally carried out. Saint-Privat was carried by I the Guards and Saxon troops at 7 o'clock in the evening, and the French right was driven from its position with immense loss. In the night Ba- zaine fell back upon Metz, abandoning all hope of joining JIacilahon. The German forces en- gaged, which consisted of the armies of Stein- metz and Prince Frederick Charles, and which wei-e commanded by King William in person, numbered about 205,000 officers and men, and sutlered a loss of more than 20,000 in killed and wounded. The French out of 130,000 en- gaged lost nearly 600 officers and more than 13,000 men. The battle is often known as the battle of Saint-Privat. GRAVELROOT. A North American medic- inal plant. See EfPATORiuir. GRAVENRETJTH, giii'vcn-roit, Karl, Baron (1858-91). A German traveler in Africa. He was born in JIunich. In 18S6 he founded the station of Korog%ve in Usambara for the Ger- man East Africa Company. Afterwards he took an active part in subjugating the Arab revolt at Bagamoyo. and in 1890 was appointed commander of an exploring expedition through southern Kamerun, where he met his death in an encounter Tvith the natives. In recognition of his valor and of his valuable services to the' Government, a monument was erected to him at Kamerun. GRAVES, Alfred Perceval (1846—). An English poet, born in Dublin. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; held important posi- tions in the civil service, and was made inspector of schools in 1874. He contributed to the periodi- cals and did much for Irish song and music. Among his volumes are: !9onqs of Killarneii (18721: Irish ,^nngs and Ballads (1879); and subsequentlv fionos of Irish Wit and Humour (with Dr. "C. Wood) (1884); The Irish Soup Book (1894) ; Irish Folk Songs: Sonijs of Erin (with Dr. C. V. Stanford) ; Blioseen Dhu, a dra- matic monologue; and The Posiiag, a Lesson in Irish, an operetta (1901). GRAVES, RicnARn (1715-1804). An English novelist, Iioni in Gloucestershire. He graduated at Pembroke College, Oxford, in 173(5, was elected a fellow of All Souls, and studied medicine in London. In 1749 he became rector of Claverton. near Bath, where he remained till his death. Of his verses and nimierous sketches and novels, only one has suri'ived. The Spiritual Quixote (1772), an amusing burlesque. GRAVES, Robert James (1797-18.53). An Irish physician famous as a clinician, lecturer, and original investigator. His name, with that of Basedow (q.v.), is known to modern students Vol. IX.— 11. of medicine in connection with exophthalmic goitre; but it was his work in the treatment of fevers, especially typhus, which was most impor- tant. He came of a Dublin family of divines and scholars, and studied medicine at Trinity Col- lege. After a, brilliant university career. Graves pursued his medical studies in London, Berlin, Gottingen, Hamburg, and Copenhagen. Return- ing to Dublin in 1824, he established, with some others, the private medical school known as the Park Street School. At this time clinical or bed- side teaching was |)ractically unknown, students getting their knowledge from formal lectures and private study, and to Glraves is due the credit of thoroughly incorporating the clinical method into elementary medical education. As early as 1819 he began his experiences with typhus fever, when he was sent by the Government to take charge of an extensive district in the west of Ireland where the fever was raging. In the suc- cessive epidemics which visited the country from 1819 to 1848 he was actively engaged. He recog- nized the contagiousness of typhus and intro- duced a tonic and supportive treatment in place of the starvation and purging method which then obtained. His elTorts had much to do with stamp- ing out the disease in Ireland. In 1827 he was elected professor of the institutes of medicine to the King and Queen's College of Physicians. His contributions to scientific literature were many. He was one of the editors of the Dublin Hospital Reports, was associated with Sir Robert Kane in the editorship of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, and wrote much for the Trans- actions of the Roijal Irish Aeadeniif and the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. His book Clin- ical Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (1843) was used in every medical school in Europe. GRAVES, Thomas, Lord Graves (c.1725- 1802). An English naval officer. He was present as a lieutenant at the action off Toulon (1744), and in 1755 was placed in command of the frigate Sheerness. By 1779 he had attained the rank of rear-admiral, and in 1780 was sent with six ships of the line to Xorth America to reenforce Arbuthnot. He succeeded to the chief command of the British fleet in American waters in 1781, and from September 5th to 10th encountered the French ^^'cst Indian squadron under De Grasse in an indecisive contest at the mouth of the Chesapeake. On October 19th, with 25 sail of the line and two ships of 50 guns, he left New York for the relief of Cornwallis. On the same day Cornw'allis surrendered, and Graves, upon his arrival on the 24th, found himself unable to ac- complish anything. He therffiipon relinquished the command to Rear-Admiral Robert Digby, and went to .Jamaica in the London. In 1782 he was ordered to the command of a. squadron of nine vessels destined for England, and largely con- sisting of the prizes obtained by Rodney in the battle with De Grasse off Dominica (April 12, 1782). Only two of the unseaworthy craft got to England. Graves became vice-admiral in 1787, and admiral in 1794. During the war with France in 1793-1802. he distinguished himself in Lord Howe's naval victory of June 1, 1794. GRAVESANDE, gra'vr-san'de, Willem .Ta- KOB, or Storm van 'sGravesande (1688-1742). A Dutch mathematician and philosopher, bom at Hertogenbosch. He was made a member of the Dutch Emba.ssy in London, where he was in- fluenced by Newton and other scientists. He was
