GRINDSTONE. 292 GRIPE. foot texture are made from emery (q.v.) ; they
- ue mueh used for work on metal surfaces, dis-
peiisiiii; with slow and laborious hand-tiling. Emery wheels are made as larjie as three" feet in diameter, and so strong that they ean be driven at (J0(30 feet per minute, when they will readily cut tempered steel. (Irindstones are now also being made of carborundum, which ranks next to the diamond in hardness. These are coming into large use for cutting and polishing precious stones. See Milestone; Arr.sive.s. GRIND'STONE ISLAND. ( 1 ) An islet of Albert County. New ISrunswiek, Can., in Chig- necto Bay (Map: Xova Scotia, G 2). It takes its name from its quarries of grindstone, of which large quantities are exported to the United States. (2) One of the Magdalen Islands (q.v.). GRINGO, grin'gfi (Sp., gibberish, possibly a popular variation of Griego, Cireek). A contemp- tuous term applied to an American or English- man liy Mexicans and South Americans. GRINGOIRE, gr.iN'gwar'. or GRINGORE, graN'gor', Pierre (U75?-1544). A French poet and dramatist of the Court of Louis XII., born at Caen. As a poet he began by put- ting forth moral allegories. He was first to use the stage lor contemporaneous political sa- tire. He was a leading member of 'the theatre company known as Enfants sans soiici. in Paris, and took a conspicuous part in the production of mysteries. His most noted topical drama, in which King Louis XII. himself is said to have taken a hand, is Le jcu dii prince des sots { 1511 ) , directed against Po]ie .Julius II. This and Le mystcrc dc Saint-FjOiiis (about 1525) were his most important creations, the former illustrating the full development of the mediseval type of play, with its coarse, farcical moralit}'. Grin- goire was distinguished for his dry wit and clever vivacity. He finally went into the ser- vice of the Duke of Lorraine, and in his lat- ter days wrote religious or spiritual poetiy. His duvres were brought out in Paris in 1858-77. Victor Hugo made Gringoire an in- teresting character in Notre Dame de Paris. Banville also made of him a leading figure in a comedy called Gringoire (1866). In both cases, liowever, the authors had little regard for the true character of the poet or the facts in con- nection with his career. Consult: Pieot, Grin- goirr ct Ics comediens italiens (Paris, 1878) : and Badcl, Pierre Gringoire, poete frangais (Nancy, 1803). GRINNELL, grin-nel'. A city in Poweshiek County, Iowa. 55 miles east by north of Des Moines, on the Chicago. Pvock Island and Pacific and the Iowa Central railroads (Map: Iowa, E 3). It has manufactures of gloves and carriages, and is the seat of Iowa College ( Congregational ) , opened in 1848. firinnell is governed under the charter of 1882, which provides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. The city owns and operates its water-works. Settled in 1854. Grinnell was incorporated in 1865, and in 1882 was chartered as a city of the second class. In thit vear it suffered from a disastrous cvclone. Population, in 1890, 33,12; in 1000, 3860. GRINNELL, Henry (1799-1874). An Ameri- can merchant, born in New Bedford, Mass., and educated at the academy in that place. In 1818 he removed to New York, where he began a mer- cantile career. In 1826 he became a member of the firm of Fish & Cirinnell, in which an elder brother was a partner, and in 1828 became head of Grinnell, Minturn & Co., which for over thirty years was one of the most prosperous ship- ping firms in the country. He retired from active business in 1852, although in later life he was interested in the insurance business. He will be longest known for his interest in polar expeditions. His first connection with such an enterprise was in 1850, when he fitted out an expedition to go in search of Sir John Franklin, from whom nothing had been lieard for five years. This expedition, under com- mand of Lieut. E. J. De Haven, accompanied by Dr. Elisha Kent Kane as surgeon, passed throigh Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, reaching a lati tude of 75° 2-i' 21", where hitherto unknown land, which was named Grinnell Land, was discovered. In 1853, with George Peabody, Grinnell fitted out a second Franklin relief expedition, which, under Dr. Kane, sailed as far north as 78° 43', and added greatly to the geographical knowledge of the coast of Greenland. CJrinnell also con- tributed to the Hayes expedition of 1860, and the Polaris expedition of Captain Hall in 1871. He was one of the founders and first president of the American Geographical Society in 1852, and its honorary vice-president from 1854 to 1872. GRINNELL LAND. A vast region in the Arctic Ocean, situated west of Greenland, from which it is separated by the Kennedy Channel. Its northern part is known as Grant Land, and in the south it is continuous with Ellesmere Land (Map: North America, L 1). Its valleys are free from sno^■ during the sunnner, and covered with arctic popjij' and moss. The fauna of the region includes the musk-ox, wolf, fox, hare, lem- ming, and the ermine. C4rinnell Land was dis- covered liy Lieutenant De Haven in 1850, and named after Henry Grinnell (q.v.). It was ex- plored by the British exjiedition under Nares in 1875-76, and by Greely in 1881. It was also visited bv Lockwood in 1882. and bv Peary in 1898-99. ' GRIP. A raven of great sagacity in Dickens's Barnahy liudge. He is a great friend and com- panion to the title character, and is possessed of remarkable and vigorous powers of speech. His original was a pet of the author's. GRIPE (from gripe, AS., OS. gripan, Goth. greipan. OHG. grifan, tier, grcifen, to seize; con- nected with Lith. greihti, to seize). In a wooden ship, a timber bolted to the stem and keel at the jjlaee where the two join. A vessel sailing close- hauled gripes when she has a tendency to come up into the wind despite the action of the helm. It is caused by insulficient head sail, too much after sail, or improper trim; if the latter, she is too much down by the head, which may be cor- rected by shifting ballast from forward aft. A slight tendency to gripe is desirable, as it makes a ship tack easily and surely. Broad bands of plaited rope or canvas used for securing boats at the davits are also called gripes: they pass partly around the boat, and have the ends lashed to the rail or strong-back on the davits. GRIPE, Sir Fr.^ncis. The avaricious guardian of Jliranda. in Mrs. Centlivrc's comedy The Busybody, who attempts to marry his ward for her money, but is outwitted by Sir George Airy.
