GRODEK. 297 GROLIER CLUB. tria, H 2). Its chief iiulustr.v is the cultivation of flax. Much grain is handled. Population, in 1890, 10,74J; in 1900, 11,S45. GROD'NO. A government in the western part of European Russia, formerly a portion of Lithuania, bounded on the north by the liov- ernment of Vilna. on the east by that of Jlinsk, on the south by olhynia, and on the west by Poland (Map: Russia, B 4). Aiea, nearly 14.- 9.50 square miles. The land is in general Hat. and belongs in the southwest to the basin of the Vis- tula, in the north to that of the Xienien. and in the southeast to that of the Dnieper. The exten- sive morasses in the soutli luive l)een partly con- verted into pasture ground by draining; in the north are extensive pine forests. The soil is light and sandy, and in general fruitful. The climate is mild for the latitude. E.ye is the principal agriciiltural product. Barley, oats, beans, wheat, and potatoes are also extensively raised. Cattle and sheep are exported. The chief branches of industry comprise manufactures of cloth, leather, tobacco, tlonr. and liricks. Population, in 1887, 1,354,400; in 1897, 1,017,859. Capital. Grodno (q.v.). In the eleventh century the Great Russians be- gan to settle in this region, then a marshy plain covered with impenetrable forests, and inhabited liy the semi-savage Yatviags. In the thirteenth century it became part of Lithuania: in the six- teenth century it was incorporated with Poland, and in the partition of that kingdom was an- nexed by Russia. GRODNO. A city of Russia and the capital of Ihe government of the same name, situated on the Xiemen, 160 miles northeast of Warsaw, and 540 miles southwest of .Saint Petersburg (Map: Russia, B 4). It is divided by the Niemen into two parts: the northern part or the city proper contains the extensive and hand- some palace erect<"d by Augustus II., and is connected with the southern part by an iron bridge. The city is poorly built: it contains a numljer of ancient buildings, the Bernardine Monastery, erected in 1404. being the oldest of them. The chief articles of trade are grain and timber, the latter being rafted down the Xiemen. The principal industries include the manufacture of pottery, tobacco, paper lioxcs. soap, tallow candles, and machinerv. Population, in 188G. 39.900; in 1897. 40,871', including 30.000 .Jews. During the last century of Polish rule Grodno was frequently the seat of the Diet. It was here that the .second partition of Poland was agreed upon in 1793. The town passed to Rus- sia in 1795. It was occupied by the French in 1812. GROEN VAN PRINSTERER, groon van prin'ster-er, Gni.L.vfME (1801-76). A Dutch statesman and historian, born at Voorburg. He studied law and letters at Leyden. and took a degree in each course, with dissertations De Juris •Justiniani Proestanfia and Dp Prosopo(]rnphia Plafonica. His earliest historical work. Vers- preide (jeschriftcn, appeared in 1826. Three years afterwards he was appointed private secretary to William I., but resigned in 1833 to devote himself more closely to his duties as editor of Nedrrlauflficlir Ordnrhtrn nnd to historical studv. He published at this period Arrhires:. on rnrrr- spo)}fla}irr inrdifr rip hi Vnison ff^Orangp-yn^satf (1835-47; continued 1857-61), and a Bandboek (/< r iicuchicdi'iiiii ro/r lipt X'ddirhiiid (1841-46). In 1840 his intei'est in current politics was shown by his liijdniye tot de herzieiiiiiy dcr yrundaet in iirdirlditdxclipn zm.. He was elected to the Hou=e of Deputies in the same year, and was again chosen deputy in 1849, keeping his seat almost continuously until 1865, He died at The Hague. His works, besides those mentioned, include: Oiigploof en revolutie (2d ed. 1868). expressing hi.s ideas on domestic politics, which may also be found in De Xederlander, which he published from 1850 to 1855 : La Prussc et les Pui/slias (1807), on European politics; and the his- torical memoir Maurice et Barnevelt (1875). Consult: (Stuart, In Mcmoriam : notice hiograph- igue (L'trecht, 1870) ; and Vos, Groen van Prin- slerer en zijn Hid (Dordrecht, 1886-91). GROESBECK, grmJs'bek, William Slocomb ( ISl.") '.17 I . An American politician, born in Xew Vork City. He graduated at Miami Uni- versity, O.xford, Ohio, in 1835, studied law, and opened an olTice in Cincinnati. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1851, and the next year was appointed a member of the commission to codify the Laws of Ohio. He represented his district as a Democrat in Con- gress from 1857 to 1859; was a member of the Peace Congress in 1861, a delegate to the Xational Union Convention in Philadelphia in 1866, and one of the counsel for President .lobn- son during the impeachment trial in 1868. after the retirement of .Jeremiah S. Black from the case. In 1872 he was nominated for President by the Liberal Republicans who were displeased with Horace Greeley, but his ticket was forgotten during the excitement of the campaign, at the end of which he received one electoral vote for Vice-President. In 1878 he was appointed United States delegate to the International IMonetarT Congress at Paris. GROGG, Colonel. A sobriquet given to Sir Walter Scott by the other members of a small Highland society, known as 'The Club.' in which he was a prime mover. GROINED VAULTING (from groin, earlier grine, variant of grain, from Icel. grein. branch of a tree). In architecture, that v;iulting in which two barrel vaults intersect each other at right angles, on a square plan, and with semi- circular curve. The arris or salient edge formed at the lines of intersection is ealled the groin. Such vaults were usually small, and employed in considerable numbers, forming a connecteil series of square vaulting compartments. It was a form first e:'tensively used in Roman archi- tecture, and continued throughout the early Sliddle Ages, where it is found especially in the side aisles of churches, though also sometimes in the naves. It was superseded during the twelfth century by ribbed vaulting (q.v.), a much stronger and more clastic form of cross-vault. Roman examples are in the passageways and galleries of amphitheatres on a small scale, and in the halls of thernuT on a large scale. GROLIER (gro'lya') CLUB. A celebrated society of bibliophiles, founded in Xew Vork City in .T.inuary. 1884. The club is named after •lean Grolier de Scrvi^res. Viscount d'Aguisy, Treasurer-General of France, whose library was famous. The objects of the club are literary studv and the promotion of the arts of type- setting, printing, and binding. The founders of
