GUNTHER. 388 GURKHAS. Pferdcs, an appendix to Die Beurieilunyslehre des I'ferdes (1859), was the first valuable contribu- tion to the pathologj- of dental disease in ani- mals. His investigations on veterinary diseases, particularly those on pulmonary affections, are very important. His principal works include: Lehrhiich der praktischcn Vctennurqehurtshilfc (1830) ; Das (lanywcrh- der I'ferde ('l845) ; and Lupinciibun (1857). GUNTHER, IvAKL Wilhelm Adalbert (1822- 9G). A tierman veterinary surge an, son of the preceding, born at Hanover and educated there and at Berlin. From 1S47 until 1880 he was the principal -teacher in the veterinary school at Hanover, .vhere he was appointed professor in 1867, and director in 1870. He was an e.vpert anatomist, and one of the best veterinary operators of his time. His works include: Topo- graphische Uyologie des Pferdes (1860); Die Wutkrankhcit der Hunde (1880) ; Das Kapaunen der Hiihne (1890) : Sludien iiber das Kehlkopf- pfeifen der Pferde (1894). GtJNTHER, SiEGMUND (1848—). A German mathematician and geographer. He was born in Nuremberg, was educated at Erlangen, Heidelberg, Leipzig. Berlin, and Gottingen. and in 1886 became professor of geography in the School of Technology' in Munich. His contribu- tions to mathematics have been largely historical and geogi'aphieal, and in these lines they are val- uable. They include the following: Lehrbuch der Detvrminantcntheorie (1875: 2d ed. 1877); Yer- misehte Unlersuehunqen zur Geschichte der muthematischen Wissenschaften (1876); Der Einflusst der Himmelskdrper auf Witterungsver- hiiltnisse (1870: 2d ed. 1884): Gnindlehren der inathcmatischen Geographie iind Astroiiomie (1878; 3d ed. 1893)': Die Lehre von den. ge- wohnlichen tinfl rerallgemeinerten Hyperbelfunk- lionen (1881); Parabolische LoyaritJimen und parabolischc Trigonometrie (1882); Lehrbuch der Geophysik und .physikalischen Geographie (1884-85): Die Meteoroloyie ihrem neuesten Sfandpurikt gemiiss dnrgesteUt (1889); Hand- huch der mathematischen Geographie (1890); Lehrhneh der physikalischen Geographie (1801). GUNTHER VON ANDERNACH, f6n jin'- der-nac, .JoHAXX (1487-15741. A German physi- cian, born in Andernach, Hhenish Prussia. He was educated at Utrecht and Marburg, became professor of Greek at Louvain. and subsequently took his doctorate in. medicine at Paris. There he became physician to Francis I. Obliged, as a Protestant, to flee the city, he established him- self at Strassburg, where he achieved distinction as a physician and anatomist. His published works include Anntoinieanim InstHiitiomnn Libri Qtiattuor (1536). GUN'TON, George (1845—). An American social economist, editor, and author. He was born in Cambridgeshire. England, immigrated to the United States in 1874. and was active from 1874 to 1880 as a writer on economic and allied topics. Subsequently he was connected with economic, sociological, and scientific work, and in 1890 became president of the Institite of Social Economics. From 1890 he was also editor of the Social Ecwiomisl. the name of which was changed in 1896 to Gunlon's Magazine. In 1899 he was appointed director of the economic and sociological work of the Young Men's Christian Association in Xorth America. His publications include Principles of Social Economics (1891) and Trusts and the Public (1899). GUPTY, William. A weak young clerk in the office of Kenge & Carboy, in Dickens's Hleak House, who is hopelessly smitten with the charms ol Esther Sununerson. GURA, goC'ra, Eugen (1842-). A German barytone singer. He was born at Pressern, Bo- hemia, and after studying nuisic at Munich, made his first appearance at the Court Theatre in that city in the role of Count Liebenau. in Lortzingfs opera Der Waffenschmicd. He subsequently sang at Breslau, Leipzig, Hamburg, and London, and in 1883 became a member of the Munich Opera. Although at first excelling in roles such as Ne- lusco. Tell, the Templar, he subsequently de- voted himself more exclusively to the interpreta- tion of Wagnerian parts, and frequently played the parts of Hans Sachs. King Jlarke, Anifortas, Telramund. and other Wagnerian characters at the Bayreuth festivals. GURAMAI. goo-ra'ml. A river fish of South- eastern Asia [Osphromriiiis olfax), which reaches a weight of twenty pounds, and is regarded as the best-flavored food-fish of its region. Hence it has been naturalized in India, Australia, and elsewhere. The word is variously spelled. GUR'JUN (East Indian name) BALSAM, GuRJU.x Oil, or Wood Oil. A limpid, dark- brown balsamic liquid, obtained from the gurjun tree, growing on the Burma coast. East India. It is used medicinally for checking leprosy, and sometimes as a substitute for copaiba. In the aits it is chieflj' employed as a varnish for wood- en articles. It may be distinguished from the balsam of copaiba by applying heat: at 132^ C. (270° F. ) , ginjun balsam coagulates, while copaiba remains liquid. GURKHAS, gTwr'koz (from Skt. goraksa, cowherd, from gau. cow + rakm, guard, from raks, to protect), or Goorkh..s. A Hindu race of supposed Eaiput origin, inhabiting Nepal, a State situated on the southern slope of the Him- alayas, between Tibet and British India, which they first invaded aliout the twelfth century A.D., and where they have been permanently settled since the latter half of the eighteenth century. An attempt to extend their power farther south brought them into conflict with the British in the Gurkha War of 1S14. which ended in the Treaty of Scgauli, and clearly defined their territorial limits. They are now a part of the Indian Em- pire, and supply its army with a corps of in- fantiy renowned for its loyalty and bravery. Their war record began with the Indian Mutiny in 1857, diiring which they remained loyal, and rendered invaluable senice to the British — a rec- ord maintained throughout the Afghan wars and the many smaller frontier expeditions since that time. In 1900 they formed part of the British contingent in the international campaign in China. In physique the Gurkha is very short and stout; a natural infantrvman and an in- stinctive foe of cavalry, whose horses he is an adept at hamstringing. In addition to the ordi- nary equipment of the native soldier, he has a number of knives peculiar to his race, and a quoit-shaped weapon carried on the turban, the outer edge of which is exceedingly sharp, and often effective when the weapon is hurled, quoit fash- ion, at an enemy. The Gurkha troops number
