H HTlip eighth letter and sixth conso- nant in the EngHsli alphabet. Its form is derived, through the inter- mediate Latin H, from the Chal- cidian Greek H. and the Phoenician Q . As this character was used in Greece for both an aspirate and a vowel sound, some dilferentiation of form was found to be necessary and accordingly h was used for h, and H for C: The form t passed through the stage L to the symbol ', for the rough breath- ing. In like manner, ' came to stand for the smooth breathing. The Latin H and the Greek eta (H) are identical in both form and alpha- betic position, but they have not the same value. They have taken the position of cheth, the eighth letter in the Pha-nician alphabet. The name cheth was probably merely a letter-name and not a word in the Semitic languages. Phonetic CHAR.i.CTER. The modem sound of h is a gradual weakening of an old strong guttural or back-palatal as in Ger. lachen, Scotch loch. In Old English, h was a guttural : later on it softened to a spirant, or often practically disap- peared. Linguistically, the English h comes from : (1) Indo-Ger. k > Germanic /!, as hurdle. OHG. hurt, Goth, haurds, Lat. crates, Gk. mpTaXor, Indo-Ger. kert, 'to bend, weave' ( ?) ; (2) Ger- manic 7ir, as icht>, Goth, hvas, Lat. quis. Indo- Ger. '*qo; (3) the combination rih in English orthography is ■usually a way of writing the Old English spirant, thus, high, OE. hiah, Ger. 7ioc/i. This fih sometimes shows labialization, as the sound of f as in trough, slough; or sometimes it is so attenuated through palatalization as prac- tically to disappear, e.g. mighiii. In ch. th. ph. .<■/!. the h indicates a spirant promuiciation. The pronunciation of the h is one of the most difficult things in the English language'. It depends part- ly on the following vowel and partly on accen- tuation. In French, the sound is disappearing, but it is being more nsed in England and America. As A Symbol. H in .chemistry = hydrogen. As a numeral, H = 200, fi = 200.000. In Greek i} was used for 8 ; « for 8000. HA AG, hiig, Carl (1820—). A German painter in water-color, long a resident of Eng- land. He was born at Erlangen, studied prin- cipally with Reindel in Nuremberg and at Munich. From the time of his removal to Eng- land in 1847. lie devoted himself to water-color. He traveled much in the Orient, especially among the Bedouins, whose life be has portrayed with truthful vigor and brilliant color effects. He has obtained many medals and lionors and is Court painter to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Since his return to Germany he has lived in the famous Red Tower at Oberwesel on the Rliine. which lie bought and restored. HAAKON, ha'kon. or HA'KON. The name of .several Norwegian kings in the Middle Ages. The earliest of them, Ha.kon the Good, was sent to the Court of Athelstane in England, from which he returned with a fleet when the Norwegian throne was seized by his brother Eric, after the deatli of their father. Harald Haarfager (933). He defeated Eric, and ruled from aliout 934 to nliout 900. He was a Christian, and English niis- piunaries under his ])rotcttion did mucli to Chris- tianize Norway. — Haakon Magncsson, a grand- son of Harald Haardraade, was king for a short time, about 1093-95. — Haakon HERriEBREn (1147- C2), son of Sigurd, ruled for only live years (1157-62), a stormy period, full of revolt and strife. — Haakon Haakonsson (1204-63), the elder, grandson of Sverre and son of the Haakon Avlio ruled from 1202 to 1204. is best known for the addition of Greenland and Iceland to the Norwegian realm during his reign, which began when he was only thirteen and lasted for forty- six years. — Haakon JIagnus.son, the elder, suc- ceeded his brother, Eric, on the throne in 1299 and reigned to 1319. — Another Haakon Magnus- .s^oN, called the younger, was son of Magnus Eriksson, King of Sweden and Norway. v,-]w was forced to resign the crown to Haakon in 1343, wlien the latter was still a child, remaining re- gent during his minority. Haakon married Alar- garet (q.v.). dausrliter of Waldemar of Denmark. He died in 13S0. ' HAANEN, ha'non. Remi van (1812-94). A Dutch landscape painter, born at Oosterhout, North Brabant. After studying with his father and .Jan van Ravenszwang. lie traveled tlirough- out Europe, and fi-om 1.837 resided at Vienna. He painted moonlight and water scenes with some teclinical ability. Iiut. with increasing popu- larity, liis work became mannered. He is well represented at Berlin and Prague. His brother Georq GiLLLS (1807-79). also pupil of his father, and a wide traveler, painted similar sub- jects. Vienna and Leipzig possess good examples. HAAR, liiir. Bern.rd TER flSOfiSO). A Dutch poet, born in Amsterdam. He obtained his de- gree in theology', held several pastorates, and in 1854 vas made' professor of theology in the Uni- 420
