HALIFAX. 473 HALL. reign Halifax rpmained out of otlice, but was active in promoting the union with .Scothind and the Hanoverian succession. On the Queen's death he was appointed a member of the temporary council of regency, and on George I.'s arrival be- came an earl and First Lord of the Treasury. His rule lasted only nine months, being termi- nated by his deatli. on May 111, 1715. For Hali- fax's literary activity, consult his Life and Mis- ccthnuoiis Works (London. 1715): for his po- litical career, consult : Maeaulay, History of Emihind (Xew York, 1856-62); Banke, History of England (Oxford, 1875). HA LIOT'ID.iE. See .4BAL0^•E. HALIE, hii'ler. K.rl (1850—). A Bohemian violinist, born at Hohenelbe. He studied at the Prague Conservatory, and in 1874-7(1 with Joachim in Berlin. In 1888 he was appointed leader of the Court Orchestra at Weimar. In 1894 he settled in Berlin, where he became a member of Joachim's quartet and a teacher in the conservatory. An American tour (1800-97) was extremely successful. Halir is in the front rank of modern European violinists. HATjITE (from Gk. as, haU, salt). A min- eral composed of sodium chloride. It crystal- lizes in the isometric .system : has a vitreous lustre, and is white in color, sometimes tinged with yellow, red, blue, and purple. It is found in irregular beds in rocks of various ages, usually associated with ealcite and gj'psum, together with clay and sandstone: also forming salt springs, and in the water of the oceans and lakes. The principal deposits in Europe are at Wiel- iczka. Poland, and at Stassfurt, Germany: it is also found at various localities in the Carpathian Mountains, the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, in Western Germany, the Vosges, and the Jura Mountains, and in Cheshire, England. In the United States it occurs in the follo ng States, given in the order of their apparent im])ortance: Michigan. Xew York, Kansas. California, Loui- siana. Illinois, L'tah. Ohio. West Virginia. Ne- vada. Pennsylvania. Virginia, Kentucky, Texas, and Wyoming. The rock salt deposits of Petite Anse, New Iberia, and other localities in Louisi- ana, are well known. See S.lt. HAL'ITHE'RIUM (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. aXt, lials, sea + Briplov, ihi'rion, diminutive of 6-r)p, th-er, beast. A fossil dugong, of which remains are found in rocks of Miocene age in Europe. See SiRENiA; Dugong ; IManatee. HALL, hal. A town in the Austrian Crown- land of Tyrol., situated on the Inn. which is here navigable, six miles east of Innsbruck (ilap: Austria, B 3). The parish church, built in 1271, the fifteenth-century Rathaus., the Franciscan convent, and the Miinzthurm. are the chief build- ings. About nine miles north of the town is the Salzberg. with salt-mines, from which salt in the form of brine is conveyed in wooden pipes to the pans of Hall. Hall also manufactures chemicals, felt hats, buttons, paper, cloth, and chicory. Population, in 1890, 5800; in 1900, 6200. Hall was a flourishing town in the Middle .-^ges, but has declined greatly on account of wars and earthquakes. HALL, or SCHWABISCH ( shva'bish ) HALL. An old town of the Kingdom of Wiirttemberg, Germany, situated on the Koclier, 48 miles north- east of Stuttgart (Map: (iermany, C 4). It is poorly built, but has some interesting ancient buildings. The Church of Saint Michael, con- structed in 1427-1525, contains a fine altarpiece. The Church of Saint Catharine, on the left bank of the Kocher, dates from the fourteenth century. Hall has salt-works and saline baths, and carries on a trade in grain and cattle. The manufactures include iron articles, nuichinery, cotton yarn, leather, etc. Hall, mentioned as early as 887, owed its importance in ancient times to its saline springs. It was raised to the rank of an Imperial town in 1276, and it was in its mint that the first coins known as Hellers were strui'k. It came into the possession of Wiirttemberg in 1802. Popula- tion, in 1890, 9000; in 1900, 9225. HALL (AS. heall. heal, Icel. k-iiUr, OHG. ■hallii, t;er. Halle: probably connected with A.S. Iielan, obsolete Eng. heal. OHCi. helan. Ger. heh- len, Lat. celare, Gk. KoXiijrTeic, kalyptein, to hide, Olr. celim, I hide). A name given to a large in- closed space in the form of a single apartment, whether it stands alone in a separate structure or is in a larger building of which it is merely a part. The term is even used, by extension," of the feudal mansions or manor houses of which such a large room was the main part. Finally, in modern architecture, by a misuse of the terin it has come to be applied to the common room out of which the others open. In the history of architecture the term hall is a]]]ilied to such interiors as the hypostyle hall of an Egyptian temple, the apad-an's of "a Persian palace, or the lepidnriiim of the Roman therms, and we call mediaeval churches with a single nave, or with several naves of equal height, hall churches. But the origin of the term is both secular and northern. The earliest Saxon build- ings we have any record of are the palaces of the kings, and these seem to have consisted of one large hall, in which the king, his courtiers, and all his retainers dwelt together, and one other chamber, in which the king and his hearthmen slept, while his retainers slept in the hall. The same custom prevailed among other early Xorse and Germanic tribes. The Normans built their houses on the same plane, with the hall and one solar (q.v.) or sleeping apartment. The same arrangement prevailed with slight modifications during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Then and later the hall, while part of the group of manor buildings, was often a separate structure, with its independent roof, as at Stokesay and Oakham castles. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when the country was more settled and prosperous and manners had become more re- fined, more numerous rooms were necessary. The hall, however, still retained its place as the chief apartment. In it the King or the lord of the manor entertained his retainers and guests, and performed all the acts of feiidal life. At one end of the hall was a raised platform or dais, on which the table of the lord of the manor was placed, and where his more honored guests sat. Hie retainers sat at a table in the lower part of the room. The halls were more frequently roofed than vaiilted, and these roofs were very carefully and elegantly constructed, as many still
