HALLE. 481 HALLECK. and colonial goods, is quite extensive, a consid- erable part of the trallic being by river. Tlic town has good railroad connections. There is an electric street railway. Halle is administered by a chief burgomaster, a burgomaster, an executive board of 10, and a municipal council of 54 members. The city owns the' water-works, two gas plants, an electric plant since 1900, and an abattoir. The budget of 1902 balanced at .$l,(i25,G00, the mo.st sign.'iicanlly large item of expenditure being for education. The municipal debt amounted to $0,116,124. Halle began to grow only in the second half of the nine- teenth century. From 52,020 in 1871 the popula- tion, almost whoUv Protestant, increased to 71,- 484 in 1880, 101,401 in 1890, and 150,011 in 1900. the extraordinary increase during the last decade being due to the annexation of suburbs. Halle, first mentioned about 800 as the Castle of Halla, and as a tow'u in 1004, is of verv ancient origin. It was presented by Otho I. to the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, and began to grow in importance with the foundation of the monastery of Neuwerk in 1110. As a member of the Hanseatic League it attained considerable commercial prominence, and succeeded in treeing itself from the rule of the Archbishops of Magde- burg. Its independence, however, was of short duration, owing to the internal conflicts between the ciimmon people and the patricians, which gave Arcldjishop Ernest an opportunity to regain the tow)i in 1478. The Reformation became an issue in Halle in 1522. and in 1541 a Lutheran superin- tendent was appointed. By the Treaty of West phalia the town came into the possession of Brandenburg. Taken by the French in 1800, it was annexed to Westphalia in the following year, and passed to Prussia in 1813. Consult: Hertz- berg. Gesriiichtc (]rr Stndt Halle, vols, i.-iii. (Halle. 1889-92) : .Schrader. GeschicMe der Uni- versiliit Halle (Berlin, 1895). HALLE, University of. A German univer- sity which came into existence through the rivalry between conservative Saxony and pro- gressive Brandenburg, and because the Hohen- zollerns desired to have a more centrally located Lutheran luiiversity than that at Kijnigsberg. The new foimdation was united with a Bitter academy already existing, and was formally opened in 1094. with over 700 students. Tlionuisi- us and A. H. Franeke were the most influen- tial in determining the progressive character of the institution, which has been called the iirst modern university. In the earlier half of the eighteenth century it was preeminently the chief resort for Protestant CJermany, having 1.500 students on the average; later on, GJlttingen be- came a strong rival. From the beginning. Halle was one of tiie leading theological schools of Ger- many, a distinction it lias never lost, though it changed from its original pietism to a bold ra- tionalism in the latter half of the eighteenth century. In the period of the Napoleonic Wars the university was twice suspended for its strong Prussian utterances. In 1817 the old and honorable University of Wittenberg (founded 1502) was united with it. The main university building was erected in 18.32.14; nearly all the others in the seventies and eighties. Much atten- tion is given to instruction in aericulture. Halle had in 1901 aliout 2000 students. The library, founded in 1090. contains over 210.000 volumes and 800 manuscripts, besides the Ponickau eollec- tioii of books on Saximy and Thuringia with 15,000 Volumes and 1000 manuscripts. Among the great names of Halle are those of Chr. Wolf, F. A. Wolf, .S-hleiermacher, (iesenius, Tholuck, I^eo, and Bergk. Halle was also the seat of the scientific society Academia Natura; Curiosoruni, founded by J. B. Bausch in 1052, and now know'n as the Leopoldinisch-Karolinisehe Akademie. See Academy, ixissim. HALLE, al, Auam de la. See Adam de la H.LLE. HALLE, hal'le, Sir Charles (or Karl Halle) (1819-95). A German-English pianist and con- ductor. He was born at Hageu in Westphalia, his father iieing the town kapellmeister, and was regarded when but a young child as a musical prodigy. After serious study with Rink at Darm- stadt, he went to Paris (1830), where he laid the foundation of all his subsequent success. He earned for himself a solid reputation during the twelve years of his stay there, and was in friend- ly contact with Cherubini, Chopin, Liszt, and Kalkbrenner. The political disturbances of 1848 caused his removal to London, where he was enthusiastically received. It was in Manchester, however, that he gained his most enduring fame, and did his best and most important work. He had been appointed director in 1853 of the Gentlemen's Concerts, and in 1857 commenced a series of subscription concerts with his famous orchestra, which up to the time of his death was the greatest musical educational factor in the north of England. Although his greatest inter- ests were in Manchester, he was closely connected with the musical life of London, in 1801 per- forming all Beethoven's sonatas in eight matinee concerts. In 1880 he also produced Berlioz's Faust in the same city. In 1888 he was made a knight by the Queen ( Victoria ) , and the same year married Madame Norman Neruda, with whom in 1890 and 1891 he made a tour of Aus- tralia. His compositions were entirely instru- mental, and included many orchestral arrange- ments, and a method for the i)ianoforte. He died in Jlanchester. HALLE, WiLMA Maria Francisca, Lady. See Neruda. Wilma Maria Franclsca. HAL'LECK, Fitz-Greene (1790-1807). An American poet, born at Guilford. Conn. He was educated in Guilford, and in 1811 became a clerk in a New York bank, where he remained for twenty vears. He w;is afterwards the confidential agent of .Tohn Jacob Astor in his commercial af- fairs, and was appointed by him one of the origi- nal trustees of the Astor Library in New York. In 1849 he retired to his native place, where he spent the remainder of his life. Halleck wrote verses from his boyhood, but in his collected poems he included nothing juvenile. In 1819 he became as.sociated with Joseph Rodman Drake (q.v. ) in contributing the humorous series of "The Croaker Papers" to the Ermiiifi Post. The illness of Drake soon put an end to these papers, and Halleck commemorated his friend's death in the mo.st beautiful and best-known of his poems, beginning "Green be the turf above thee" (1820). His longest poem. Fann;/ (1819), is a satire on the literature, fashions, and politics of the time. It obtained a factitious popularity, but hardly repays reading. In 1822-23 Halleck vis- ited Europe, and in 1827 published an edition of his poems, among them the popular and good
