HAREN. 563 HARGREAVES. Barheyrac. In 172S he succeoiled to the Castle of Henkensha^'e, at Saint Anna I'arisli, after t!ie death of his gi-andfather. The castle was burned four years later, with many valuable papers. It was rebuilt in 1734: but the fire seemed the beginning of misfortune for him. and in 1708 he committed suicide, discouraged by financial losses. He wrote: A lyric, Lcoiiidas (1742), urging Holland to join in the War of the Austrian Succession; Lierganzen (1742), which with Le- onidas, was republished in 1S24: and an epos, Friso (1742 and 1758). His brother, 0.>o ZwiEE (1713-79), was a patriot and poet, too. He wrote De Getizen (1772) and several dramas, of which Agon (1769) is the best. The collected works of the two brothers were published in 18.54. Consult Van Vloten, Levcn en Werkcn van Willcm en Onno Zu.-ier ran Harcn (Deventer, 1872-74). HARFLEUR, iir'fler' (called in the Middle Ages Harcflot). A town in the Department of Seine-Inferieure, France, near the mouth of the Lezarde, about four miles east of Havre (ilap: France, G 2). The chief building is a beautiful Gothic church with an elegant tower supposed to have been constructed by Henry V. of England. Population, in 1901, 2680. In former times, be- fore the rise of Havre, Harfleur was a flourishing town, and the key to the entrance of the Seine. It was taken by the English under Heniy V. in 141.5. retaken by the French in 1433, again seized by the English in 1440, and ten years later recap- tured by Charles VII. of France. HAR'FORD, .John Scaxdrett (1785-1866). An English biographer, born in Bristol, of Quaker parents. He was educated at Cambridge, but received an honorary degree from O.xford in 1822. He gave financial aid in the restoration of the Llandaff and Saint David's cathedrals, while he and his brother gave the ground for the erec- tion of Saint David's College, Lampeter, Wales. The friend of Wilberforce and Hannah More, who immortalized him as Cwlehs in Search of a Wife, Harford was a philanthropist, but an anti-social- ist, less of a hero than a hero-worshiper, and wTote such excellent biographies as R. V. Prijor (1808) ; T. Paine (1820) ; T. Burgess, Bishop of Salisbury (1840); and Rev. Richard Chappie Whalley, Rector of Chehcood (1846). Perhaps his most important work is contained in the Memoirs of Michael Angela, Saimnarola, Raphael, OJid Victoria Colotma (2 vols., 1857). HAR'GOOD, Sir William (1762-1839). An English admiral. His first voyage began when he was thirteen years old. at which time he went to Xewfoundland on the Romney. After service on other vessels, including the Hche, on board which he had Prince 'illiam Henry, afterwards William I^'., for ;i shipmate, Hargood was made commander of the Su-alloic in 1789. Three years later he was captain of a frigate taken by the French, and was court-martialed for surrender- ing too easil}', but was honorably acquitted. His next experience was with mutineers on the Leopard in 1797, and the following five years he spent in Chinese and East Indian waters. In 1804-05 he was acting under Lord Nelson and was present at Trafalgar, when his ship, the Belleisle, and her crew suffered severely, as she was one of the first in action. Hargood's further serv-ices in Xorth America, the West Indies, the ^lediterranean, the Adriatic, and elsewhere were rewarded by his appointment to the command of tlie Channel Squadron, with the rank of admiral (1831), and sul)se(iuently to the chief command at Plymouth ( 1833-36). He was knighted by the King, who ever retained for him a friendly re- gard. HARGRAVES, hiir'gravz, Eumunu Hammond (181(i!il). The discoverer of the gold-tiehls of Australia, born at Gosport, England. He was engaged in sheep-farming at Sydney, Australia, from 1834 to 1849, and spent the years 1849-50 in California. From the similarity in geological structure of the California gold-bearing districts to the west side of the Blue Mountains, in New South Wales, he concluded that there might be gold deposits in the latter place also. According- ly he returned to Australia in 1850, was instru- mental in the discovery of the Australian gold- fields in February, 1851, and made the first announcement regarding thein to the Colonial Secretary at Sydney. He acted for a time as a Commissioner of Crown lands, and in 1853 was awarded the sum of £10,000 by the Legislative Council of Sydney. In 1877 the New South Wales Parliament voted him a pension of £250. He published Australia and Its Gold-Fields: A His- torical Sketch of the Progress of tlie Australian Colonies . . . vith a Particular Account of the Recent Gold Discoveries (1855). HARGREAVES, har'grevz, .Tames (?-177S). Inventor of the carding-machine and the spinning- jenny. He was an artisan at Stanhill, in Lan- cashire, where probably he was born. Hargreaves was an illiterate man, and supported himself and family by weaving and spinning, which, ac- cording to the custom of the time, he carried on in his own house. In 1760 he invented the card- ing-machine as a substitute for the use of hand- cards, and four years later he produced the spin- ning-jenny. Hargreaves had frequently tried to spin with two or three spindles at once, holding the several threads between the fingers of his left hand ; but the horizontal position of the spindles frustrated his attempt. One of his children, however, is said to have upset the spinning-wheel while he was at work, and as he retained the thread in his hand, the wheel continued revolving horizontally and the spindle vertically. The observation of these motions produced the thought that if a number of these spindles were placed upright and side by side, many threads could be spun at once. Har- greaves now jiut his idea into practice, and con- structed the jenny, at which he and his family worked. A few of these machines were sold and served to increase eight times the work of the spinner. This success led his fellow-spinners, who were imbued with- strong prejudices against machinery, to break into his house and destroy his frame. He then removed to Nottingham in 1768, where he erected a spinning-mill. Two years later he took out a patent for his machine; and discovering that it was in use by manufac- turers in Lancashire without his permission, brought an action for £7000 damages. Pending the trial he was offered by a company £3000 for the use of the jenny, but refused : and it having been proved that he sold some of his machines before the patent was obtained, it was thereby declared to have been invalidated, and his claim for compensation fell to the groinid. Hargreaves
