HARIVANSA. 565 HARLAN. its third or last part treats of the future age and decadence of the world. iSome allusions iu Sanskrit literatnre which connect it with the Muliulihdrtita show that it must have been as old
- is the fifth century A.U., in fact as old as certain
portions of the great epic itself, althouglx these are generally regarded as later portions. As a rule the Harivamiii is not considered by scholars to he a work of great antiquity or value, although often quoted by later Sanskrit writers. There is a French translation by A. Langlois (Paris, 1834) ; and the best separate edition of the text ■was published iu Bombay (1891). HAKKAVY, har'ka-vl, Avraam (or Albert) ( 183!l — ) . .V Russian Orientalist and Hebrew rab- bi, born at Xovogrudok in Lithuania, and educated at Vilna and at the University of Saint Peters- burg. He studied in Berlin under Rijdiger and Diimichcn, and iu Paris under Oppert, and would have been appointed docent in Saint Petersburg save for a personal enemy. As librarian of the Im- perial Public Lilirary of Saint Petersburg, which is especially rich in Semitic manuscripts, lie wrote l^tiiilicn uiid M iftcihniiicii aus tier tSdiikt Pctcrs- burger kaiscrlichcn Bibliothek (incomplete, 1879- 92) ; and published, in Helirew, several works on the Jews in Russia ( 1865 and 1867) ; in French, Lcs mots cgi/piiens dc la Bible (1870), and Sur i(H passage des 'Prairies d'or' de Macoudi con- cernant I'hisioire ancicnne des Slaves (1876) ; in German, besides the fitudien already mentioned, contributions to Stade's Zeitschrift fUr alttesta- vicntliehe Wisscnscliaft. a Katalog dcr hebraisch- en Bibelhaudschriften der Icaiserlichen offentlichen Bibliothek (with Strack, 1875) ; Altjiidische BenkmAler in der Erim ( 1876) ; Aus deni archil- ologischen Congress (1882); and Neugefundene hebriiische Bibelhandschriffen (1884): and in Russian, works on Mohammedan writers con- cerning the Slavs and Russians (1870) ; on the original home of the Semites. Indo-Europeans, and Hamites (1872); and contributed to the Russian edition of Gustav Karpeles's History of Jcic-ish Literature (1890). He edited vols. vi. and X. in the Russian edition of Graetz, History of the Jens (Leipzig. 1883-1902). HARK'NESS, Albert (1822—). An Ameri- can scholar and educator, bom at Mendon, Mass. He graduated at Brown in 1842, was senior master of the Providence High School from 1846 to 1853, pursued studies in Germany at the Uni- versit.y of Berlin and that of Bonn, and was the first American to obtain a degree from tlie latter (Ph.D.. 1854). In 1855 he was appointed profes- sor of Greek in Brown University. He visited Europe in 1870 and 1883, and there made inves- tigation of educational questions, in particular of the methods of German and English univer- sities. He assisted in founding the American Philological Association, of which he was a first vice-president in 1809-70, and president in 1875- 76. ' As a member of the Archaeological Institute of America, he was appointed in 1881 to the committee on the expediency of establishing an American School of Classical Studies at .Athens, "u institution which was opened in 1882. In 1884 he was elected director of the school. He lectured extensively before learned societies, con- tributed valuable papers on original researches in philology' to the Transactions of the Associa- tion, and from 1851 published a series of text- jooks in Latin studies, of which it may be said that from them dated tbe beginning of a new era iu tile Latin <lepartnient of classical education in America. The volumes include: I'Hrst Latin Book (1851); Hecoitd Latin Book and Reader (1853) ; a Latin Reader (1865) ; Inlroduclion to Latin Composition (1868, 1888) ; amioUited (jdi- tions of (1870, 1886) Caesar's De Bello dullieo, of (1873, 1882) select orations of C^icero, and of (1878, 1884) Sallust's Catilina; an annotated Course in Latin Prose Authors (1878) ; and a standard Latin (Irammar (1881), published in a thorough revision with many additions as A Complete Latin Qrammar (1898). Professor Harkness received the degi-ee of LL.l). from Brown University in 1869. HARKNESS,ViLLLM (1837-1903). An Amer- ican .islruiiomer, born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, a sou of James Harkness (1803-78). He was educated at Lafayette College, Rochester Univer- sity, and in New York City, where he studied medicine. He served as a surgeon in the Union armies during part of the war. From 1862 to 1805 he was an aid in the United States Xaval Obsei-vatory, and then, after service on the monitor Monadnock, was employed in the Hydrograpliie Office. During the eclipse of August, 1869, he discovered the coronal line K l-'i7Ji. Three years later he was made a mem- ber of the Transit of Venus Commission, had charge of the party at Hobart, Tasmania, in 1879, and at Washington in 1882, when he became its executive oHicer. But his greatest fame rests on his theory of the focal curve of achromatic telescopes and on his invention of the spherometer, caliper, and other astronomical instruments. He was astronomical director of the Naval Obser- vatory (1894-99), and director of the Nautical Almanac (1897-99). He retired two days after attaining the relative rank of rear-admiral (De- cember, 1899). He was president in 1893 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Of his works, the most important is The Sokir Parallax and Its Related Constants ( 1891 ) . HAR1.AN. A city and the county-seat of Shelliy County, Iowa, 45 miles nortlieast of Council Bluffs ; on the West Nishnabotna River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Iowa, B 3). It is the commercial centre for a farming section, and manufactures gas and gasoline engines, foundry products, agricultural implements, bricks, flour, etc. Population, in 1890, 1705; in 1900, 2422. HARLAN, James (1820-99). An American lawyer and legislator, born in Clarke County, 111. He graduated at Indiana. Asbury (now De Pauw) University in 1845, studied law, and, removing to Iowa, became State Su]jerintendent of Public Instruction in 1847. In 1850 he was tendered the Whig nomination for Governor, but refused it on account of being under the required age. In 1853 he was chosen president of Iowa Wesleyan University. Two years later he was elected to the United States Senate, but after he had served until January, 1857. his seat was declared vacant on a technicality. He was im- mediately reelected by the low.a Legislature, how- ever, and was again reelected on the expiration of his original term in 1861. His recognized ability as a legislator attracted the attention of Presi- dent Lincoln, who in 1865 appointed him Secrc-
