HARLEQUIN. 567 HARLEY. Kaples, and Pantalonc, the old man whom Arlec- cliino served, for Venice, while 'the Doctor,' Sca- pino's master, was sipposed to be a pedant from Bologna. Harlequin is a suitor of Columbine, and gets her away from poor Pedrolino (the French Pierrot). Though full of amusing blun- ders, Harlequin combines his childlike capers with a good deal of mature finesse. He is repre- sented with a tight suit of parti-colored patches, a black mask, and a wooden sword. When lie was introduced into France in the sixteenth century, the witty side of his character was more fully developed, and he was speedily adopted by other nations. Famous among the Harlequins of France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were Domenico Biancolelli, called from Vienna to Paris by JIazarin about 1060: Vizen- tini, known as Thomassin and Bertinazzi, called Carlin. who won the admiration of Garrick. The first English Harlequin is said to have been Joe Haines, in 160". During the eighteenth century^ when pantomime became so popular at Drury Lane in Rich's time. Harlequin's name was at- tached to numerous pieces, such as Ilarlequiii Dr. Faust U.I (1723), and Harler/tiin, a Sorcerer, a little later. Two other noted English Harle- •quins were .Joseph Grimaldi (q.v.), and Tom illlar, who died in 1842. The modern Cliristmas pantomime preserves the elements of the legend- ary plot, the lovers Harlequin and Columbine being favored by fairy interference in despite of their persecutors. Clown and Pantaloon. The word harlequin has come to be commonly used, however, in a general sense almost synonymous with clown. Consult: Moeser, Harlekin oder Vertheidiguiiff des Grotesk-Koinisclten (Leipzig. 1771: trans, by Warnecke, London, 1766) : Rejniaud. Quelques mots sur Arlefjuiii. etc., in Ktudes romanes dediees <t Ga.itoit Paris (Paris, 1891): Broadbent, A History of Pantomime (London, 1901). HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG, or Calico- back. A bug (Mnrfiaiiliri histrionira) noted as a very destructive enemy to cruciferous vegetables in the Southern United States. It is an oval, somewhat flattened black bug with bright red and yellow markings, whence the names 'harle- •quin' and 'calico.' It lives throughout the year on cabbage, radish, mustard, and other crucifer- ous plants, puncturing the leaves with its beak and causing them to wither and dry. The eggs, which resemble miniature white barrels with Tjlack hoops, are laid in a double row on the un- der side of the leaves. There are several genera- tions in a year, and the adult bugs hibernate. It is the worst enemy of the Southern cabbage- growers on account of the difficulty of destroying it. Mixtures made strong enough to kill the bugs kill the plants also. The best method is to plant an early trap-strip of mustard, upon which the over-wintering bugs will cluster in the spring, and upon which they may be killed with pure kerosene. This is originally a Central American insect, and has been spreading toward the northeast for 40 years or more. It is now found in southern Xew Jersey and in most of the intervening territory soutb.west to the Rio ■Grande. HARLEQUIN DUCK. A name given, in al- lusion to it'i variegated colors, to a rare duck (nistrionieiis Itislrioniens) inhabiting the polar regions, and occasionally seen in Xorthern Europe and Canada. It is a near relative of the now e.xtinct Labrador duck. Several other sorts of birds have been called 'harlequins' because of their quaintly contrasted colors. HARLEQUIN-SNAKE (so called from the coloring). The small red and black venomous coral-snake (Elaps fuhnus) of Florida, also called 'candy-stick.' See Coral-Snake. HARLESS, har'les. Gottlieb Chrlstoph Adoij- (1S06-79). A German Protestant theolo- gian, born in Nuremberg. He studied theology at Halle and Eriangen, and became professor of thcologj' at the latter institution. For his oppo- sition in the Bavarian Diet of 1842 to the order requiring persons in the army to kneel at the passing of the sacramental host, he was removed from his professorship. In 1845, however, he was chosen to the consistory of Bayreuth, pro- fessor of theology at Leipzig, and Court preacher. In 1852 he was made president of the Protestant Consistory of ilunich. Among his many impor- tant works are: Theolor/ische Eneyhlopiidie iind Methodoioriie (18.37) ; and Die christlirhr Ethik (1S42; English trans. 1868). His autobiogra- phy, entitled Bruchstiicke ans dem l,elien eines siiddeutscJien Therdogen, was published in 1872. HARLETH, GwExnoLEX. The heroine of George Eliot's Daniel Deronda. HAROiEY. The hero of Henry ISIackenzie's Man of Feelinr/. HARLEY, Sir Edwabd (1624-1700). An English Parliamentarian, born in Brampton- Bryan, Herefordshire. Educated at Shrewsbury, Gloucester, and Oxford, he studied law, but took up arms in the Parliamentary cause against the King in 1042, though disapproving of military supremacy in the nation. By 1040 he was a member of Parliament for his native county, but his opposition to Cromwell brought about his banishment from it for ten years, though he was rewarded at the Restoration by Charles II., who made him Governor of Dunkirk (1000). Despite his changes of front (for he was against the Stuarts once more at the Revolution of 1088), Harley was a conscientious upholder of the rights of the people, who showed their appreciation by .sending him continuously to Parliament. Though a churchman himself, he fought against any form of persecution of the dissenters, was without party prejudice, and was remembered more for his practical benefactions than for such theoretical performances as A Scriptural and- Rational Ac- count of the Christian Heligion (1095). HARLEY, RoBEKT, Earl of Oxford and Morti- mer (1601-1724). An English statesman. The son of Sir Edward Harley, he belonged to an illustrious Herefordshire family. The father had been a military officer, a member of Parliament, and an opponent of Cromwell during the Civil War. Robert, elected to Parliament for the borough of Tregony, was at fii"st a Whig, but gradually changed his politics till he became leader of the Tory and Church party. His clev- erness and tact, however, retained for him the support of many Whigs and Dissenters. He shortly acquired a great reputation for his knowledge of Parliamentary law and practice, a study not much pursued in those days: and in the Parliament which met under the chieftain- ship of Rochester and Godolphin in February, 1701, he was elected Speaker by a large majority.
