HATCH. 625 HATFIELD. grocery store at Rockford, after which lie joiiucl a survej-ing party on one of the earliest railroads in Wisconsin, and linally, in 1854. entered the grain eonimission business in Chieayo, where he rapidly aceunuilated a fortune. In 18(i2 he re- moved to Xew York City, where he establishcd a stock-brokerage business, and became well known as a dealer in and promoter of railway stocks. He managed the famous Chicago and Xorthwest- ern 'deal' in 1808, secured control of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, and linally. alter varying fortunes, failed in the Northern Pacific collapse in 1883. HATCH, WiLLiAii Henry (1833-96). An American lawyer, born at Georgetown, Ky. He was admitted to the bar in 1854; served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel; was member from Jlissouri in the United States House of Representatives from 1879 to 1895, and during this time took a leading part in .securing legis- lation for the benefit of the agricultural inter- ests. He was largely responsible for the passage of the act, commonly known as the Hatch Act, granting Federal aid to agricultural experiment stations in all the States and Territories. HATCHEL. See Hackle. HATCHIE. A tributary of the Mississippi River. See Big Hatchie. HATCHMENT, or ACHIEVEMENT (for- merly atclDHcnt, achcmcnt, atchcament, an abbre- viation of achievement, Fr. achevemeni, from achever, OF. achever, achiever, to achieve, from venir a chief, Fr. venir a chef, to come to the head, or end). In heraldry, an escutcheon or armorial bearing; specifically, the armorial bear- ing placed on the residence of a person lately deceased. The funeral hatchment is in the form of a lozenge, upon which the shield is placed. The crest and other accessories are given, but in place of the motto a text or other religious legend is used. For a bachelor, the whole of the lozenge background is black. In the hatchment of an unmarried lady, the legend is omitted and a knot of ribbon takes the place of the crest. The hatchment of a husband whose wife survives im- pales his arms with his wife's in a shield with the external ornaments to which he is entitled, the ground of the hatchment being, under his side of the shield, black, and under his wife's, white. If the wife be an heiress, her arms are not impaled, but carried in an escutclieon ( q.v. ) of pretense. The arms of a wife whose hus- band survives are impaled w-ith her husband's arms in a shield, or, in the case of an heiress, borne on an escutcheon of pretense. There is no helmet, crest, or mantling, but a peeress is en- titled to her robe of estate. The ground under the dexter side nf the shield is white, and under the sinister, black. The hatchment of a widower diflfers from that of a husband, in the ground being entirely black. The hatchment of a widow differs from that of a wife, both in h.iving the ground entirely black, and in the form of the escutcheon, which (except in the case of an escutcheon of pretense) is lozenge-shaped. The arms are encircled by a silver cordon or corde- li6re, the symbol of widowhood. On the decease of the last of a family, a death's head surmounts the shield in place of a crest. The achievement of a reigning king or queen, whether married or not, represents the royal arms complete on a ground entirely black. That of an archbishop or bishop has the insignia of his see impaled with his paternal arms, the whole surmounted by a mitre, and the ground is per pale argent and sable. The dean of a cathedral or collegiate church and a king-at-arms also impale the arms of ofiice with their family arms, in the achievement of the wife of a prel- ate, there are two shields — the first containing the impaled arms of the see and the bishop, sur- mounted by a mitre; and the second, the family arms of the bishop with those of his wife. The ground is all white, except that part which ia under the arms of the wife. Funeral escutcheons in Scotland, France, and Germany dill'er considerably from those in use in England, in that they indicate not merely the right of the deceased to a coat of arms, but his gentility of descent. The hatchment is much larger, sometimes consisting of a lozenge above six feet square, and the arms of the deceased, which occup}- the centre, are surrounded by those of the eight or sixteen families from whom he derived his descent, the ])aternal quarterings on the right side, and the maternal on the left. The deceased is not entitled to a hatchment unless all these families had a right to bear arms. On the four corners are death's heads and the in- itials and titles of the deceased; the black inter- stices are powdered with tears. See Heraldry. HATCHWAY, Jack. A retired naval ofiicer in Smollett's Percyriiie Pickle. He is the boon companion of Conunodore Trunnion. HAT'FIELD. A market-town in Hertford- shire, England, on the Lea, 7 miles southwest of Hertford ( Map : England, F 5 ) . Population of parish, in 1891, 6903; in 1901. 7551. It is noted for the vicinity of Hatfield House, the seat of the Marquis of Salisbury, built on the site, and containing remains, of the famous Ely Epis- copal Palace, erected in the twelfth century. It was acquired by Henry VIII. Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth were both called to the throne while residents of the palace; .James I. also re- sided here, and it was one of the prisons of Charles I. The present stately Elizabethan man- sion, built 1608-11, and situated in extensive and beautiful grounds, contains valuable portraits and historical manuscripts. Consult Brewer, Enfilish litiidies. edited by Wace (London, 1881). HATFIELD, Edwin Francis (1807-83). An American I'resliyterian clergyman, born in what is now Summit, N. J. He graduated at IMiddle- bury College in 1829, studied theology at An- dover, and was ordained in New York in 1832. He then became rector successively of the Second Presbyterian C'hurch 'in Saint Louis and of the Seventh and North Pr(^sby- terian churches in New York. Ill health obliged him to give up preaching in 1803. He was for a time agent for the Union Theologi- cal Seminary, for which he raised a large sum of money, and for many .years clerk of the Pres- b.^'terian General Assembly. He was the author of: Unirersalism as It Is (1841) ; Saint Helena and the Cape of Good Hope (18.52) ; The nislory of Elizabeth. N. J..- The Church Ihimn-Iinok. with Tunex (1872) ; and The Poets of the Church (1884). He left his library of 6000 volumes tfl Union Theological Seminary.
