HAUSRATH. 633 HAUSSONVILLE. HAUSRATH, hous'rat, Adolf (1837—). A Gennan I'lutustant thoologiaii, iKini at Karls- ruhe. Uo was educaU'd al .leiia, LliiUiiiyeu, liur- lin, and Heidelberg, and was ajjpuiiiled professor of eeelesiastical hisUuy at Heidelberg in 1807. His publieations inelude: Dtr Aposlcl Puuliis (2d ed. 1S72) ; NculcstamentUchv ZcitgeschiclUc (3d ed. 1875-79) ; />. F. Strauss und die Tltc- ologie seiner Zvit (187(i-7S) ; Arnold run Brescia (1891) ; Peter Abiilard (1893) ; Martin Luthers Homfahrt (1894); Die Arnoldisten (1895); hurl Uolslcn (1897) ; Aleander und Luther auf dem liviclistaye zu Worms (1897); Alte lie- kunnte ( 1899-1901 ) ; and, under the name George Taylor, the historical novels Aittinous (1880); Klytia (1883); Jetta (1884); Elfriede (1885); and Peter Maternus (1898); and the stories Vnler don Katulpenbaum (1899) and Potamiiinn (1901). HAUSSA STATES. See Hausa States. HAUSSER, hois'er, LuDWia (1818-67). A German historian and politician, born at Klee- biirg in Lower Alsace. He entered the University of Heidelberg as a student of philology, but under Schlosser's influence soon devoted himself to history, the study of which he continued at the University of .Jena. After his graduation he taught for a number of years, spent some time in Paris, and in 1845 w'as appointed professor of history at Heidelberg. Soon afterwards he be- came interested in the political movements of the day and wrote a pamphlet on ScJdesirig-Hol- stein, Deutschland und Uiinenuirk (1846). At the beginning of 1847 he was chosen an editor of the Deutsche Zeitunci, and in November of the same year was elected to the Second Chamber of the Baden Legislature, where he sup])orted the Federal Constitution. He took no part in the Jlaj- Revolution of 1849, and the next year again be- came a member of the Legislature, but resigned in October, and devoted himself to his historical studies. His opposition in 1858 to the reac- tion in the Protestant Church was as successful as the polemic into which he entered in 1859 against the concordat with the Papacy. From ISOO to 1805 he was again a member of the Second Chamber, and supported the Liberal Ministry. He was one of the founder's of the Hiiddeutsche Zeitung, and in December, 1803, took part in the assembly of representa- tives of the German Slates at Frankfort. Though Hausser was conspicuous in polities, his fame rests chiefly upon his historical works. He was a brilliant and inspiring lecturer. His chief work. Deutsche Gescliichte rom Tode Friedrichs des GrosscH his .c»;- Oriindunq des Deutschen Bundes (4 vols., 1854-57; 4th ed. 1869), is one of the most striking achievements of modern German historical research. Among his numer- ous other nublications are Oesrhichtr des Zrit- alters der Reformation (1808; 2d ed. 1879) and Geschichte der Franziisischen Rerolutinn (1SG7; 3d ed. 1891 ) , which were issued after his death. Many of his lectures, edited from stenographic reports, have also been published. HATISSEZ, 6'sa'. Charles Lemercier de LoNGPRIi, Baron d' (1778-1859). A French pol- itician, born at Neufehatel. of an aristocratic family. At sixteen he began to take a part in conspiracies against the Directory and the Con- sulate, and was an enthusiastic supporter of the Empire, but joined the Royalist Party on the re- turn of the Bourbons. In 1829 he became Naval and Colonial Minister, and in the following year was forced to flee to England because ot liis loyalty to Charles X. He was condemned to perpetual imprisonment; but in 1839, after ex- tensive travels in Italy, Switzerland, and Ger- many, benefited by the amnesty to return to France. Among llaussez's works the following may be mentioned: liejlexions d'un ami du roi (1810); La. Grande lirelagne en JS.iJ (1833); Voyage d'un exile (1835); Alpes et Danube (1837) ; and Etudes morales ct jiolitiques (1844 and 1851). From his political memoirs excerpt* were published in the Rcrue de Paris (1894). HAUSSMANN, os'maN', Georges Eug£:ne, Baron (1809-91). A French official under the Second Empire. He was born in Paris, and was educated at the Conservatory of Music, but be- came an advocate. After the Revolution of 1830 he was sous-prefet successively of Nera<:, Saint-Girons, and Blaye, and under the Presi- dency of Louis Napoleon was prefect of Var, the Yonne, and Gironde. He was appointed Pre- fect of the Seine in 1853. While holding this office, Haussmann expended some .$500,000,000 in rebuilding and beautifying Paris. Parks were planted on the sites of hovels; splendid boule- vards were run through the city; squares were laid out; statues, bridges, and magnificent public buildings sprang up with almost miraculous rapidity. In carrying on his work Haussmann let no considerations of pmvate rights or finan- cial expediency stand in the way. His enemies accused him of .systematic peculation, and de- clared that his broad boulevards were intended for the rapid mustering of troops and cannon in case of any uprising against the Empire. A stinging pamphlet by Jules Ferry, and the enmity of Ollivier, who became Minister in 1870, brought about Haussmann's downfall. His work, however, had done much to make the Sec- ond Empire popular. In 1857 he was made a Senator, and elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts. He was likewise a member of the Imperial Council of Public Instruction. After the fall of the Empire he <piitted France for a time. On his return he was appointed director of the Credit Mobilier, and did much to improve the condition of that financial institution. In 1877 he was returned to the Chamber of Deputies by the Arrondissenient of Ajaccio, in Corsica. HAUSSONVILLE, fi'soN'vel', Gabriel Paul Othexin he CLf;RON, Count d' (1843—). A French author and politician, born at Gurcy-le- Chatel. Elected a Deputy in 1871, he voted with the Right Centre. He failed of reelection in 1870, because of his lack of loyalty to the Re- public, and in 1877 retired to private life and literary labors. He was elected to the French Academy in 188S, and in 1891 became the spokes- man of the Orleanist dynasty. Haussonville's more important works are: Les dtablissements penitcntiaires en France et aux colonies (1875) ; Sainte-lieure (1875) ; L'enfance a Paris (1879) ; Le salon de Mme. Necker (1882): Etudes bi- ographii/ncs et litteraires (1879-81); Mme. de La Fayette (1891) ; Sncialisme rt charitc (1895) ; Lacordaire (1896); and La duchesse de Bour- gogne et Vallianee savoyarde (1898-1901). HAUSSONVILLE, .Toseph Othenin Ber- nard UE Cleron, Count d' (1809-84). A French
