HEATH. 690 HEATING AND VENTILATION. much valuable material on the Revolutionary periotl, were published in 1798 by authority of Congress, and were last republished under the editorship of William Abbatt in New York in 1001. HEATH'COAT, John (17S3-1S61). An Eng- lish inventor, born at Duflield, near Derby. He worked with a hosier, and later with a stocking- maker and frame-smith at Xottingham. In 1808 and 1800 ho patented his complicated machinery for the manufacture of lace. His factory at Loughborough was attacked by the Luddites, and most of his machinery and lace destroyed. Rath- er than continue at Loughborough, Heathcoat refused an award of flO.OOO for damages. He built a new plant at Tiverton, and for twent3'-six years (1832-50) represented that constituency in Parliament. He built .schools at Tiverton, and planned many charities, which were carried out by his daughters. HEATH-COCK, HEATH-HEN. See Black- cock ; Groi SE. HEATH'COTE, Caleb (1665-1721). An American merchant, born in England, where his father was Jlayor of Chester. He established himself with his uncle, Capt. George Heathcote, a large ship-owner, in Xew York, and upon Heathcote's death inherited his fortune. He was a zealous churchman, and was one of the peti- tioners for a license to build the first Trinity Church. He held many offices, among them those of Mayor of New York (1711-14): judge of '^'estche.ster County; commander-in-chief of the forces of the Colony ; surveyor-general of the province : and receiver-general of the customs for all North America. His large estates near Ma- maroneck were erected into the manor and lord- ship of Scarsdale in 1701, and on his death passed with his title to his son. HEATHEN CHINEE, The. A celebrated satiric poem by Bret Harte (1869), in the metre of the threnody in Swinburne's Atalanta in Caly- don, selected, as Harte says, because "it was just the kind of thing which Truthful James would be the last man in the world to adopt in express- ing his views." The poem is based on the imita- tive faculty of the Chinese, especially in cheating at cards, and its points appealed at once to the East as well as the West, although it was origi- nally intended only as a local satire on Western political conditions. It is probably the best- known and most-quoted of the author's writings. HEATHER, hcTu'er. See He.th. HEATHER-BLEATEB. A provincial name in England for the common snipe (q.v.), in allusion to the love-cry of the cock bird in the breeding season. HEATH'FIEIiD, George Aitgustus Eliot (or Eliott), first Baron (1717-90). A British soldier, born at Stobs. Roxburghshire, Scotland. He was educated at the L^niversity of Leyden, afterwards attended the French military college of La Fere, and served in the War of the Aus- trian Succession, being present at the battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy. As colonel of a regiment of light horse, he took part in the Seven Years' War in the years 17.59-61. In 1762 he was second in command in the English expedition to Cuba, and for his services there was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general. In 177.5, when, be- cause of the pacle de famille between France and Spain, it was thought very probable that one or both of these countries, taking advantage of the rebellion in America, would attack England, an experienced soldier was deemed necessary for the command of Gibraltar, and Eliot received the appointment. Ample time was given him to re- pair the defenses, as it was not until 1779 that tlie Spanish undertook a regular siege. In the attacking force of French and Spaniards were the greatest engineers of the age, l)ut their etl'orts to reduce the stronghold, including the terrific cannonade with the floating batteries of the Chevalier d'Arcon in 1782, were futile. Eliot and his little garrison, though at the verge of starva- tion, because of the blockade, held out until re- lief came from a force in command of Lend Howe, who succeeded in breaking through the Spanish lines with supplies. At the conclusion of peace, in 1783, Eliot returned to England, where he was richly rewarded for his bravery. He was made Knight of the Bath, and in 1787 advanced to the peerage as Lord Heathlielil, Baron of Gibraltar. Consult Drinkwater, His- ion/ of the Siege of Oibraltar (new ed., London, 18-14). HEATING AND VENTILATION. These topics are so closely related in sanitary and en- gineering discussions, as well as in the actual planning and erection of buildings, that they are generally considered together. Where artifi- cial heat is seldom if ever required little at- tention need be given to ventilation, since the people spend most of their time either out of doors or in loosely constructed buildings, with plenty of exposure to the outer air. In cold climates ventilation becomes as essential for complete healthfulness as heating is for com- fort, a fact that is not generally recognized; moreover, where much artificial heat is required, the fresh air provided as a part of ventilation must also be heated, which may add greatly to the expense of fuel. In general it may be said that the object of heating is to provide a imiform moderate temperature, and the aim of ventilation is to displace foul air with pure. Both heating and ventilation have an important relation to the moisture of the air. hot-air furnaces, for in- stance, giving an over-dry air, while the atmos- phere of a poorly ventilated, over-crowded room gradually becomes saturated with watery vapor. Heating has for its standard in the colder parts of the United States and in Canada a temperature of about 70° Fahrenheit, against some 60' in England. The difTerence is largely due to the more uniform and humid climate of England. Heat for warming is produced by the combustion of fuel (q.v.), except in those few rare cases where electricity generated by water- power or the stored heat from underground waters (as at Boise, Idaho) is utilized. Coal and wood are most commonly employed as fuel, but oil and gas are also used. Open fireplaces, stoves, or furnaces may be employed for burning any of the fuels named, except that oil is rarely if ever burned in open fireplaces. The methods of heating are classified as direct and indirect radiation. Direct radiation takes place when the heat is generated either in the room, as with open fireplaces, stoves, and fur- naces, or when hot water or steam is produced by means of central furnaces and then conveyed through pipes to radiators located in the various compartments to be heated. Indirect radiation
