GOSCHEL. 57 GOSHEN. GOSCHEL, ge'shcl, Karl Kriedrkh (1784- 1862). A German jurist and ])hilosophcr. He was born at Langensalza, and was educated for the bar at l>eipzig. In lS4.i lie was ap- ])ointed president of the eonsistory for the Province of Saxony, Prussia, but was compelled to resign that position after the Kevolution of 1848. He was not only a profound soliolor and theorist, but also a practical legislator, both in ecclesiastical and secular matters. C'onserva1ie in his religious views, tJoschel exerted consider- able inliuenee upon the Protestant Church in liis day, and, above all, was instrinnental in estab- lishing the relation between theology and the Hegelian philosophy. His works include: Apho- rismeii iiher Xichticisscii uiid absolutes Wisscn (1829); Der Monismus des Cednnkriis (18.32); 'on den Beweisen fiir die Unsterblichkeit der menschlichen tieele (1835); and Xorlrage und Hhidiiii iihcr Dante (18r>3). GOSCHEN, gii'shcn, George ,To.cinM (1831 — ). An English statesman and financier, born in 1831, and educated at Rugby and Oriel College, Oxford. Entering the mercantile firm of Frhh- ling & Goschen, he paid especial attention to finance, and in 18.56 became Director of the Bank of England. A Liberal member of Parliament for London from 1803. he took an active share in throv.'ing open the universities to dissenters, and in bringing about the abolition of religious tests. He became a Privy Councilor and vice- president of the Board of Trade in ISd.i. and in the following year Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a Caliinet Jlinister. but retired with the Russell Ministry in .June of that year. On Gladstone's accession to power in 1868, Go- schen was appointed president of the Poor Law Board, and in 1871 First Lord of the Admi- ralty. He retired from office with his party in 1874, and in the election of this year he was the only Liberal candidate returned from the City of London. Two years later he and M. .Toubert went as delegates to Cairo, where they planned with the Khedive the conversion of the EgA'ptian debt. In 1880 and 1881, as special ambassador to the Porte. Goschen lent his services to the settlement of the Grseco-Turkish boundary. Because of his opposition to Gladstone on the extension of the franchise and on home rule for Ireland, he aban- doned the Liberal party for that of the Liberal Unionists (q.v. ) in 1886. and accepted the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord Salis- bury's (Jnvernmont. under which he carried a measure for the reduction of the public debt. In 1895 he again became First Lord of the Admi- ralty. He was made lord rector of Aberdeen University in 1887, and of Edinburgh University in 1890. He has written largely on financial questions, and his treatise on The Theory of the Foreirin F.xrhnnges is a standard work. GOS'HA'WK (AS. goshafoc. goose-hawk, from gos, goose + hafoc, heafoe. hawk). A ge- nus of falcons (Astur) containing five or six species, distinguished from the true falcons by a lobe or festoon, instead of a sharp tooth, on the edge of the upper mandible, and by the short- ness of the wing, which reaches only to the middle of the tail. It is more closely allied to the sparrow-hawks. The species to which the name goshawk originally belonced lAeripiter pahimhnrius) is very widely diffused over Eu- rope. Asia, and the north of Africa, ehieflv inhab- iting hilly and wooded regions. It is now very rare in Great Britain, ])articularly in England. -Vlthough one of those that were called ignoble hints of prey, it was much used for falconry, being easily trained, and very .successful in catch- ing stich game as is confined to the ground. The g<'shawk was thus flown at hares, ralibits, pheas- ants, partvidges, etc. It was also flown at geese, whence the name goose-hoirk. It ordinarily seek* it-s prey by flying near the ground, and can re- main a very long time on the wing. It follows its prey in a straiglit line, not rising in the air to descend uiJon it, like the falcons; and when baffled by the object of pursviit entering a wood and hiding itself in some covert, will perch on a bough, and await its reappearance with wonder- ful patience for many hours. Its flight is very rapid. The goshawk builds a large nest in trees. The female, much larger than the male, is about two feet in entire length. The American goshawk {Accipiter atricapillus ) diil'ers from that of the Old VA'orld, being al- together a larger and handsomer hawk. The upper parts are dark bluish slate color, while underneath it is whitish, closely barred, or ver- miculated with fine zigzag lines of brown. The young birds have a much less handsome plumage. The goshawk is chiefly a winter visitor in the X<nthern United States, hut breeds in the Rocky ilountains from Colorado northward. It is the most abundant of the birds of prey in Alaska,, where many remain through llie winter, and subsists partly by robbing the Eskimo hunters' snares, though mainly by capturing ptarmigan for itself. See Plate of Falcons axd Falconry. GO'SHEN. The name of that part of ancient Egypt which Pharaoh is said to have presented to Jacob and his family when the;(^ came down to Egii-pt (Gen. xlvi. 6). Jlodern Bible critics con- sider the narrative a tradition resting upon the recollection that at one time some of the clans of the later Hebrew confederacy dwelt in Goshen; this tradition, however, while not confirmed by archaiological discoveries in Eg^'pt. may be ac- cejited as reliable, though it is quite certain that only some of the Hebrew clans, and by no means- all, sojourned in Eg^•pt, Goshen is described as outside of Eg-pt proper (Gen. xlvi. 34), and "the best of the land," i.e. for a pastoral people (Gen. xlvii. 6, 11 ). It was on the eastern border of the Nile delta. In the priestly narrative it is designated as the land of Rameses (Gen. xlvii. 11). but according to the Egyptian inscriptions, Goshen (identical with Kesen of the inscriptions) and Rameses rejiresent two different nomes. Xaville iThe Shrine of .S'o/'f el Henneh and the Land of Goshen. London. 1888) regards Goshen as the land which afterwards became the Arabian nome, viz. the country around Saft el Henneh east of the canal Abu-1-Unneagge. a district com- prising Belbeis and Abasseh. and probably ex- tending farther north than the Wady et-fumi- , lat (the valley through which the canal of the Red Sea formerly passed). Consult W. M. iliiller, Asien iind Eiiropa nach den aegyptischen Insehriften (Leipzig, 1893), GOSHEN, A city and the county-seat of Elk- hart County. Tnd., 100 miles east of Chicago. 111.; on the Elkhart River, and on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago and Saint Louis railroads (^Inp: Indiana, D 1 ) . It has important agricultural
