HINDUSTANI LANGUAGE. 88 dckhS liai "1 linvo soon' (lit. "Iiy me it lias been seen"), ami so forth. Hindi is writton in the Ui-vaiiagari alplialut. like .Sanskrit and Marathi, while Irdii employ^ the IVrso-.Xnibie >erii)t with three additional characters to represent specifi- cally Indian sonnds. llindn^tani literature is very abundant, al- tlionf,'li for the mo.-t part it rises little above medi;icrity in character. It be;.'in» with the Prilhriruj fttistiu, by t'hand Bardai (alioit A.i). 1200). who ri'latcd in his lonf; lioeni the history of Prithviraja 11., the last Hindu King of Delhi. Jluch of the literature consists of translations from the Sanskrit, as well as from Persian and Arabic. The most noteworthy specimens of this particular class of work are the Ui'iiiiiiiinn of Tulsdas, bejjun a.d. 1575. and the Hugh u liahUr, "(.iarden and Sprinfr." which Amman <if Delhi translated from the Persian collection of stories called the "History of llie Foir Dervishes" at the be^'iiuiin'.' of tlie ninelecnth century. History and the drama also find their place in this litera- ture, which is the most important in modern India. Bibliography. Green, Practical Ilindustani Graiiimar (0.ford. 1895) : Greaves. (Iramniar of .Uof/oii Hindi (Benares. 1896): Vinson, Manuel lie la langue Hindouslani (Paris, 1899) ; Hoernle, Comparalirc (Irammar of the Oaiidian LaiKjuaiies (London. 1880) : Fallon. TtiiidiiHlani-F.ii<]Hsh Die- tinniirii (Benares. 1879) : Garcin de Tassy. His- toire de la litti^rature hindotie ct hi»dou.<t<tanie (3 vols., Paris, 1870-71): Grierson. Modern Vernacular Literature of Hindustan (Calcutta, 1889). HINGE (ME. henge, from hengen. secondary form of hangen. to hanp). The pivots or joints on which door*, shutters, etc.. revolve. Tlie simplest form of hinfre is a projection cut upon the substance of which the door is made and fitted into a hole. This is sometimes done with wooden shutters, and there are examples extant of stone shutters hinged in this manner. The cathedral of Torcello. near Venice, which dates from the eleventh century, still has the windows protected with shutters formed of larjie slabs of stone, hinged on stone pivots. During the Mid- dle -Ages hinges, as well as every other us<>ful article, were made subjects of ornamentation. The earliest ornamental hinges date from about the tenth century. The first examples are cramped and stiff, and the scrolls are frequently terminated with animals' heads. In the Early English and Decorated styles, the hinges and other metal-work were very elaborate and beau- tiful in design, and fref|uen(ly extended over the whole of the doors. In the Pcrpendioilar style, hinges were usually very simple in form, the paneling of the woodwork not admitting of much ornamental ironwork. In modem time^ hinges are chiefly made of brass and iron, and unless intended for decorative effect are fitted on the edges of the doors and shutters, where they are concealed. The revival of media>val architecture has given an impulse to the manufacture of ornamental metal-work, and hinges of varied and good design are produced. HINGHAM, hing'om. A town in Plymouth rminty. M:i~~.. coniprising the villages of West Hingham, Soiith Hingham. and Hint'liam Centre: 17 miles southeast of Boston: on Massachusetts Baj-, and on the New York, New Haven and HINNOM. Hartford Rjiilroad (Map: Massachusetts, F 3). It has D«'rby Academy, a public library, and an old meeting-house which dates from lliSl. The government in administered by town meetings. Population, in 1890, 45G4 ; in 1900, 505U. Hing- ham was .settled in 1033, and was known as Bare- cove until lti;J5, when it was incorporated uniler its present name. It was the home of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. .Tohn A. Andrew, and .lohn D. Long, and the birthplace of .James Hall, the eminent geologist. Consult Lincoln (and otliers). History of the Town of Bingham (Cambridge, 1893). HINK'SON, Mrs. Katiiarink (maiden name- Tyxa.n I , llSDl— ). An English novelist and verse-writer, born in Dulilin, Ireland. She was educated at the Dominican Convent of Saint Catherine of Sienna at Drogheda. Ireland. In 1893 she married H. A. Hinkson, and took up her residence in London. She is favorably known for her verse contained in Louise de In 'iilliire and Other I'ormx (1885) ; Hhamroeks (1887) : Cuehoo Songs (1894): Ballads and Lyrics (1897); The M'iiul in the Trees (1898) : and CoUeeted I'oems (1901). She also portrayed pha.ses of Irish character in a series of pleasant novels, com- prising chieflv: .1 Cluster of yuts, short talcs (1894) ; The'Way of a Maid (1895) ; O, What a, I'laque is Lori' (1890) : The Handsome Hnnidons (1898) : The Dear Irish flirl and She Walks in. Heautii (1899) : Three Fair Maids and .1 Daiigh- Kr of the Fields: (1900); .1 tlirl of flalicay ( 1901 ) : The Handsome Quaker ( 1902) ; .1 King's M'oman (1902). For an appreciative estimate of Mrs. Hinkson as a poet, consult William .rcher. Poets of the Younger Qetteration (New York, 1902). HINLICHE, ^n-l&'cha, 'Southern People.' A pastoral tribe of Araucania, wandering over the southern pampas of Argentina. They live in portable tents of skins and subsist entirely upon meat derived from their herds of horses, cattle, and sheep. They are skillful artificers in leather and iron, while the women make rugs of ostrich- skins and weave woolen blankets and ponchos of su|>eriiir <|iiality. HINNOM, Valixy of. A ravine in or near .Tenisalem. The precise location has not yet lx?en determined. Scholars differ as to which of the three valleys. Kidron, Tyropccon. or Wady er- Rabahi, is likely to have been called the Valley of Hinnom. .Tewish and Arab tradition favor the first, which runs east of the temple elevation. A majority of recent investigators prefer the last, which is south of the present city. Much prob- ability, however, seems to attach to the I'yro- p(Pon. In Enoch xxvi.. the ravine over which the author marvels is evidently the N'allcy of Hinnom. and it is imqucstionably identical with the Tyropceon. lying between Mount Zion and the western hill. Consequently a writer familiar with .Terusalem and living toward the end of the second century n.c. located the Valley of Hinnom in the Tyropn'on. The chief objections are that if the city ilid not in preexilic times extend be- yond the Tyropfpon. there ought to be some re- mains of walls there, and that, if the Tvropteon was within the city, the sacrifices of the first- born to Moloch would have been made in the im- mediate neighborhood of the Yahweh tcmnle. But whatever the extent of the city, it is highly improbable that important sanctuaries were left
