HOBBES. 117 HOBOKEN. clergyman. At the age of fifteen he went to Ox- ford and studied the usual course of Aristotelian logic and physics. At the age of twenty, having taken his degree and quitted Oxford, he was recommended to Lord Cavendish, afterwards Earl of Uevonsliire. as tutor to his eldest son. Tlius began an intimate connection with that great family which lasted through his long life. In 1010 he went abroad with his pupil, and made the tour of France and Italy. After liis return he still continued to live with the Earl of Devonshire's family, and liis residence in London afforded him opportunities of becoming ac- quainted with Bacon, Ben Jonson, and the other distinguished men of the time. Meantime he was occupied with classical, political, and philosoph- ical studies, and prepared for publication his first work, a translation of Thuc3dides, which came out in 1628. His interest in Thucydides was largely political. For many years he still derived his income from tutorial work, but gave his leisure to study. The political disturbances of the time made him desirous of political stabil- ity and order, which he believed could be ob- tained only by unquestioning recognition of the absolute power of the sovereign. This power, according to Hobbes, is neither original nor divine, but was delegated by the subjects in a compact which created the State and gave rise to all. moral and political obligation. Primitive man did not live in any social or political organi- zation. Every one was at first bent on securing his own selfish ends, but came to see that the warfare which inevitably resulted from the clash of unregulated interests was suicidal. A con- tract was made whereby this war of each against all — helium omnium contra omnes — was brought to a close, a civil government established, and loyalty pledged to the sovereign power thus con- stituted. Whatever laws this power lays down are the measure of right and wrong. These views were published in various works: De Cive (lti42); Uumanc Xatiire (llioO); De Corpore Politico (1650) ; Leviathan, or the Hatter, Form, and Pouer of a Commonirealth (16.51). After the meeting of the Long Parliament in 1640 Hobbes had returned to Paris, from his dread of the civil troubles. In 1647 he was ap- pointed m.athematieal tutor to the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II. ; but the character of his writings, especially after the publication of the Leviathan, so offended the Royalist elergy.in common with all other sects, that Charles was in- duced to part with him. and he took alarm for his personal safety and abruptly fled in 10.31 to Paris; but after a short stay there, knowing that he had caused mucb irritation in France by his bitter attacks on the Papacy, he returned to England, where he was allowed to live quietly. Very different was his position after the Restora- tion : for although Charles granted him a pen- sion of £100 a year, the dislike to his views was so general that they were condemned by the House of Commons in 1066, and he was in danger of still severer measures. His connection with the Earl of Devonshire, with whom he lived in the latter part of his life, was no doubt a power- ful protection to him. His old age was fruitful in additions to his writings, and was marked by some sharp controversies. His last works were a translation of Homer and a history of the civil wars. Tie died on December 4. 1679. All his Latin works were collected and pub- lished by himself (Amsterdam, 1068), and by Molesworth (5 vols., London, 18.39-45). His EnglLsh works were edited by Molesworth (11 volumes, including index, London, 1839-45). F. Tijnnies edited and published Behemoth, or the Long Parliament (London, 1889). In philosophy and psychology Hobbes was a sensationalist, and, at least at times, a material- ist. All change for him is motion, hence sensu- ous perception is motion, and pleasure i.s also mo- tion. Just why motion shouldappear inthe form of consciousness is an inexplicable mystery. Sense- impressions, in their combinations and transfor- mations, give rise to memory and thought. This takes place according to definite laws. The order of succession of memory-idea is that of the orig- inal sense-impressions, while the impressions originally in combination tend to reappear in the same combination ; this fact he called the law of contiguity. Indeed, Hobbes is commonly re- garded as the 'father of associational psychologj'.' Hobbes's ethics was hedonistic. It is man's desire for pleasure that made him in the first instance establish civil authority, but it is the suprem- acy of that authority which makes it binding now. Consult : Tonnies, Anmerkungen fiber die Philosophic des Hobbes," four articles in Vicr- teljahrsschrift fiir iiAssenschaftliche Philosophic (Leipzig, 1879-81); Robertson, Hobbes (Edin- burgh, 1886) ; Wille, Der Phanomenalismus des Thomas. Hobbes (Kiel, 1888) ; Lewis, Ueber den Individuatismus bei Hobbes (Halle, 1802) ; Sneath, The Ethics of Hobbes (Boston, 1898) ; Stephen, Hobbes (London, 1903) ; Graham, Eng- lish Political Philosophy from Hobbes to Maine (New York, 1900). HOBBY (OF. hobe, from hober, to move, from ODutch hobbcn, to toss, happen, to hop. AS. hop- pian, Ger. hopfen, to hop). A small European falcon {Falco subbuteo), formerly trained in falconry to fly at pigeons and partridges. The nearest Xorth American species is the pigeon- hawk. HOB'HOUSE, .John C.m. See Bboughton, Baron. HOB'KIEK'S HILL. Battle of. A battle fought at Hohkirk's Hill, about two miles north of Camden, S. C, on April 25. 1781, during the American Revolution, between an American force of about 1400, under General Greene, and an English and Tory force of about 950, under Lord Rawdon. The latter, leaving his strong position at Camden, attacked the Americans with great gallantry, and after some stubborn fighting gradually forced them irom the field. Greene's plan of battle being deranged by the imexpected retreat of a brigade upon which he had placed implicit reliance. The victory gave no strategic advantage to Rawdon. who on May 10th evacuated Camden and retreated toward Charleston. The loss of the Americans in killed, wounded, and missing was 271 : that of the English and Tories, 258. This engagement is also known as the sec- ond battle of Camden. Consult: Carringtor, Battles of the American Revolution (New York, 1877). and Dawson. Battles of the United States (New York. 1858). HO'BOKEN. A city in Hudson County, X. J., on tile Hudson River, opposite New York, of which it is a suburb, and adjoining .Jersey City. It is the terminus of the Hamburg-American, North GJerman Lloyd, Netherlands-American, and
