of art besides painting were practiced. In 1882
he visited America, painting a number of por-
traits and delivering lectures in New York and
Boston; lie c«me again in 1883, and in 1885 lie
opened a studio in Boston. From 1885 until
1895 he was fSlade professor of fine arts, Oxford,
succeeding John Kuskin. His lectures before
the university were published under the title
Kiching and Mc::zotint in Engraving (London,
18SI2) . lie has been the recipient of many honors
in European countries, and has taken three gold
medals.
Ilerkomer's work includes not only oil and water-color painting, but also excellent etchings. He has worke<l successfully in various branches of applied art. such as wood-carving, wroughtiron work, and architecture, and has also figured as a playwright, actor, magazine writer, musical composer, and singer. His paintings are excel- lent in drawing and good in color. The best known of them is the "Last Muster," which took the grand medal of honor at the Paris Exposition of 1878. It represents the veterans of Chelsea at prayer in their chapel. Among his other paintings are: "After the Toil of Dav" (1873) ; "Eventide" (1878): "Life, Light, and Melody" (1879) : "God's Shrine" (1880) ; "Der Bittgang" (Bavarian peasants praying for harvest) ; and "Pressing to the West" (1884), representing the arrival of emigrants at Castle Garden; "Gather- ing in the Charter House;" "The Magistracy of Landshut" (1893), which he presented to his native town. His portraits are marked by strong characterization and excellent technique. The best include: The "Lady in White," which took the medal of honor at the Berlin Exposition in 188G; the "Lady in Black" (an American girl) ; the artist's father, Lorenz Herkomer. in the series "Makers of My House;" Wagner (1878) ; Ruskin (1881) ; Browning; Tennvson; Archibald Forbes {1882); and Hans Richter (1883). Among his best-known water-colors are: "Im Walde;" "The Wood Cutter's Rest;" "The Poacher's Fate;" and "At the Well." Consult: The articles on "Herkomer," bv DaflForne, in the Art Journal (1880) ; Courtney, Art Annual (1892).
HERKTJLESBAD, hfr'koo-lfts-biit. Sec Me- ii.vniA.
HEBLIN, hfiKUn, Fbiedricti (?-c.1499). A Gernian painter, born in Rothenburg or Nord- lingcn. He was probably the pupil of Rogier van der Weyden the Elder. At any rate, he painted in the style of that master. There is an altar- piece by him, representing scenes from the life of the Virgin, in the Church of Saint .Tames at Rothenburg ; a "Madonna and Saints" in the town hall at Ndrdlingen; and a "Nativity" in the Church of .Saint Blasius at Bopfingen. HERJI (Lat. Hermes, from Gk. 'Ep/x^t, con- nected with Skt. Siramfifa, dog of the lower world, from Sarainan. messenger of Sudra. from sar. to run. to flow, to hasten ) . A pillar, gen- erally surmounted with a head of Hermes or Mercury, erected commonly in many parts of ancient Greece, especially in Attica, w-here they were used as milestones, Hermes being the god of traffic, roads, and boundaries. Sometimes heads of other divinities, such as Athena and Eros, were combined with that of Hermes. The Romans used them rather for merely decorative purposes than with any religious "significance. Many examples are preserved in European mu- seums.
HEB'MAN, Henby (1832-94). An English uraiiialist and novelist, bom in Alsace. He was educated at a military college, emigrated to America, and served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, losing an eye as a result of a wound received in action. Afterwards he removed to London, and began to write for the stage. His first play, Jeanne Duharry, Wivs pro- duced at the Charing Cross Theatre in May, 1875, and was followed the next year by tilight Mistakes, a farce. In November, 1882, was pro- duced his first great success. The Silver King, written in collaboration with Henry Arthur Jones, with whom he also wrote Breaking a liutterfly (1884) (Ibsen's Doll's Bouse) and Chatterton (1884). He then wrote Claudian with William Gorman Wills (1884), and The Golden Band (1887) with Freeman Wills. He also wrote: For Old Virginia (1891) ; Eagle Joe (1892); and Fay o' Fire (1885), a romantic opera, for which Edward Jones composed the music. Between 1887 and 1891 he wrote several novels in collaboration with David Christie Mur- ray, such as: One Traveler Returns (1887) ; A Dangerous Catspaw (1889) ; The Bislwp's Bible [IS'M): He Fell Among Thieves (1890); and Paul Jones's Alias (1891). He also wrote alone a large number of novels.
HERMAN, .Ir'miiN', Martial Jo-sepii Ar- mani) (1749-95). A French revolutionist, bom at Sainl Pol. He became a lawyer and an ardent revolutionist, and in 1793, when he had laid aside all his earlier counsels of moderation and had become intimate with Robespierre, he was ap- pointed president of the Revolutionary Tribunal, and tried Marie Antoinette. Danton, and many others who died in that year. As Minister of Justice (1794) he had. and used, fresh oppor- tunity for horrible judicial murders. Accused of being bribed by l{obespicrre in 1794. and of complicity with Fouquicr-Tinville (1795), he was condemned on May 6th and guillotined the next day.
HERMANDAD, flr'mftn-diio'. The (Sp., brotherhood). The name given to associations formed at various times by the principal cities of Castile, Leon, and Aragon for the defense of their liberties in times of trouble. These confederacies were sanctioned by the sovereigns as agents for suppressing the increasing power of the nobles, and for maintaining public security throughout the land with no cost to the Government. In Aragon the first Hermandad was established in the middle of the thirteenth century, and in Castile about thirty years later. In 1295 thirty-four cities of Castile and Leon formed a confederacy, and entered into a compact by which they pledged themselves to inflict summary punishment upon even,' noble who had either robbed or injured a member of their association and who refused to make just atonement for the wrong; or upon any one who should attempt, even by the order of the King, to levy an unjust tax. During the long period of anarchy, in which the Christian rulers of Spain were powerless to maintain order in their own dominions, the fianta Uermandad, or Holy Brotherhood, presented the only check against the unbounded license of the nobles. Isabella of Castile, seeing the beneficial effects which an extension of the
