HOKUSAI. 138 HOLARCTIC REGION. liis fame sprond as voliiiiu' after voliimo and edi- tion after edition apiM-ared. Tlie later volumes of tliis series appeared in l.S.'Jti. a year after liis Fiiiiiihii //ii/«AiUci. or Fuji Iliiikkrr'A Hundred Views of Kujisan"). His imlustry was preat, and liis works ninneroiis. Thirty llumsaml draw- ing's of liis have l)0<'n eounted up. yet he was «lwjiys in poverty. He died April 1.'? (some say May" 10), 184!t, "at Asakusa. a district of Yedo. Moiiry for his funeral-was provided by his pupils and admirers. Hokusai was a man of the [leople to the end. He nexer rose above his class, anil never made any attempt to do so. His talent lay in produe- inj; l'h<ii;ir Cpietures of this passin;.' world'), free from the conventionalities of his predeces- sors and his contemporaries. His inllnence on modern art has been very frreat. His whole life was spent in perfectin-;; himself; yet when he came to die his last words were. "If Heaven would only frrant nie ten more years!" and a mo- Tnent later, "If Heaven had only granted me five years more. 1 could have been a thoroii^rh artist." His sifrnaturcs were numerous. In 17!IH he ap- pears under the name of "Sori:' in the followin;; year he clian;,'cd this to 'Sori. who has chaii-ied liis name to Hokusai.' In ISOO he called himself simply "Hokiisai" ("Xortli Studio'). A favorite siifnature was' Hokusai Owa-Kio Rojin'l "Hokusai, the olil man crazy about drawinj;'). His latest name was 'Manji' (the Swastika), and the in- scription over his jrravc is the one he preferred — 'Manji Cwa-Kio Kojin.' A full list of his works (with a biblioi;ra])liy ) is in Anderson's Dcscrip- iirF and lli.sloriral Catalogue of Chinese and Japan! sc Art (London, l.SS(i). Bibliography. Hokusai. a paper read by .John La Farpe before the C'entur,v Club ( Xew York, ISi)7); Holmes, Hokusai (London, IS!)!)): Fen- ollosa, Hokusai ami His School (Boston, 1S03) ; Anderson. Historji of Japanese Art ( Londim. 18S(i): and Fuji Hiakke ("A Hundred Views of Fujisaji") (London. 1880). Consult also Brink- lev. Japan: Its Historu, Arts, and Literature (Boston. 11)01-02). HOL, Richard (182.5-1904). A widely known Butch pianist, orpanist. and composer, born at Amsterdam. A brilliant exponent of the modern romantic German school, he received many deco- rations and foreifrn orders for his .services to the cause of music, in IS.iti he was director of the Anistels Miinnerchor; 1857, director of the Society for the Promotion of Music; 1802, cit.v musical director of Utrecht; 1S(>!), cathedral organist; 1.875. director of the School of Music. Hoi was perhaps better known in .merica as a composer of part snnps for male or female voices. His compositicms include an oratorio, two operas, two symidionies masses, sonars, chamber music, orchestral music, etc. His male choral works are stainlard with the Icadinfr men's choruses. HOL'ABIRD, Samiel Becki.ey (1826—). An American soldier, born in Canaan. Conn. He graduated at West Point in 184(1. served with the army of the Potomac (I8r>!-(>2). and became brigadier and (piartermaster general (188.'i), as well as translator for the army. His chief trans- lation was tieneral .Toniini's Treatise on the (Irand Military (Operations of Frederick the Great (lS(i5). HOLARCTIC REGION (from Ok. SXot. holos, entire + dpKTiKis. arklikos, northern, from 4p«- T05. arktos. liear). A division in /.oiigeography, defined in two senses: { ) Aretoiina.- — In the larger sense the term is us<>il. unhappily, as a, synonym for "Arctogipa.' (Sii- Di.striih tio.n of A.m.iai..s anil NoT<Xi.i;A.) This 'region' embraces nil of the Xorthern Hcmisplicre excejit the hot coast regions tif Central America, all of Africa and Madagascar, and an imlelinlte extent of the Malayan and Polynesian islamls, where its boun- daries vary in ditVerent classes of animals; in other words, it is a combination of the Nearc- tic, Pala-arctic. Pahcotropical. and Oriental re- gions of Sclatcr and Wallace, as opposed to the combined Neotropical and .ustralasian regions (Notoga-a). The fundamental dill'erciicc between Arctogica and Xotogaa reaches back to an early geological ]M'riod, while many of the present dis- tinctions between their subdivisions tlisapjiear when tr:ic<'d back to the Tertiary, when the dis- tribution of animal life was verv dilferent from now. It is this broad historical view, rather than the modern aspect, which has led naturalists to the generalizations of Arctoga'a and Xotogien. Limiting the comparison to vertebrate animals, the characteristics of Arctoga'a arc in outline as follows: Among lislics. the ])erclics. carps, sal- mons, and sturgeons are'present as whole tribes, together with many lesser groups, especially of fresh-water or coast fishes, while the lungfishes are conspicuous absentees. In the class Amphibia, the line is drawn iit the frog family Cystigna- tliid.T. which is entirely Arctoga'an. Oailow also points out the predominance of Areifera. which constitute nine-tenths of the anurous population, and arc hardly represented in Xotogira. Of tur- tles, the ])rcsi'nr'c of Triimychoich-a anil the ab- sence of Chelydiihi' are distinctive. Of lizards, exclusively .rctogaal groujis are the Lacertida-, ZonioridiP, (lerrhosauridir. and Aniellidir. Among the snakes, the viper family is entirely Arctogiral, and the crotaline tribe mainly so. Lesser exclu- sive groups are the Uropeltidiv, Xenopeltidie, and man.v genera. Ornithological distinctions may be most easily sketched by saying that Arctogiea possesses no einus or cassowaries ; no mound-birils, birds of ])aradisc. lyrebirds, cockatoos, tinamous, curassows, hoactzins. toucans, cotingas. or many others, although it is rich in game birds, (inches, woodpeckers, wood-warblers, and the like. But perhaps the most striking difTerence is the pres- ence of the large Arctic tribe of auks, and the like, and the absence of penguins. Among mam- mals, al.so. the most notable feature is the entire absence of edentates, of monotrcmcs. of mar- supials (except one opossum), of ccbiiie monkeys, and of marmosets. The northern region, however, has the lemurs, the insectivores except the West Indian Solenodon. the elephants, rhinix'eroses, hy- races, hor.ses, deer, giratres, bovines, hyenas, hares, and a variety of other important families; it is, in fact, as Beddard points out. the heail(|uarters of all the Kutheria except edentates and marsupials. (2) Holarctic, or I'eriarctie, I'rovinec. — In a more restricted and perhaps more usual sense, the term 'holarctic' in zoiigeograpliy denotes a circumpolar district formed by the union of the Pala-arctic and Xearctic provinces of Selater and Wallace, elsewhere described. It was long ago felt that the fauna! characteristics of North America and the northern part of the Old World were not 8UlTicientl,v distinct to justify their separation into two provinces. Their union under one name was first made by A. Heilprin,
