HOLD. 143 HOLDERLIN. several parts, as the fore-peak, the fore-hold, the miiin-hold, the after-hold, the engine and boiler raamf, conl-hiiiikrrs, store-rooms, etc. To stow a hold is to put things in it and arrange thena properly; to break out a hold is to remove the contents of it. HOLD. In music, a sign placed above ( T ) or below (^) a note or rest to indicate that its time-value is increased. The length of a hold is governed by the rhythm of the music, and is left to the performer's discretion. See General Pau.se. HOLDEFLEISS, h61'deflis, Friedricii Wil- IIELM ( H4(i — ). A German agricultural chemist. He was born at Bennstedt, and studied at Halle, where for several years he acted as assistant in tlie Agricultural Experiment Station and in the Agricultural Institute of the university. In 1878 he was appointed director of the agricultural station of the Central Silesian Agricultural Society at Breslau. In 1881 he liccnnie professor extraordinary and in 1882 or- dinary professor of agricultural clieniistry in the Agricultural Institute of the University of Bres- lau. After filling this position with distinction for ten years he was appointed director of the Institute. During his incumbenc}' he was actively eng.aged in the preparation of numerous works dealing with his specialty. Among these may be mentioned: ZJntersuehungen iiber den Htallmist (Breslau, 188!)) ; Das Knoclienmehl (Berlin, ISflO) ; Die Rinderzueht Hehlesiens (Breslau, 1800) ; Hehntzkastlein des praktiscfien Landwirts (Berlin, 1806). HOL'DEN, Albert J. (1841-). An Ameri- can organist and composer of Church music. He was born in Boston, studied music in New York, where he made his home in 1855. and became organist in the Universalist Church of the Divine Paternity and the Church of the Puritans (Congreg.ationalist) . His musical com- positions include ballads and secular as well as sacred part-.songs and choruses, but he is best known as the composer of more than three hun- dred hymn lunes. anthems, and the like. He also edited collections of music. HOLDEN, EnWARD SiXGLETOX (1840—). An American educator. He was born in Saint Louis, Mo., and received his education at Washington University, Saint Louis, and at West Point, where he gr.nduatcd in 1870. He occupied suc- cessively the positions of professor of mathemat- ics. United States Navy; astronomer at the United States Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. ; director of the Washburn Observatory, Madison. Wis.: president of the University of California; and director of the Lick Observatory. His most important work was that done at the Lick Observatory, Ca!., with which he was con- nected for twenty-eight years, and most of the buildings and instruments of which were designed and built under his direction. He founded the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and wrote several works on astronomy, history, and educa- tion. In recognition of his services, numerous honors were bestowed upon him, both in this cnuntrx' and by the governments of several Euro- pean States. HOLDEN, Sir Is.AC (1807-97). A British in- ventor, who produced lucifer matches and im- proved wool-carding machinery. He was born in Hurlet, Renfrewshire, of English parents, and from being a draw-boy to hand-weavers, he went into a Paisley cotton-mill, educating himself meanwhile till he was able to teach school. In the course of experimenting for a chemistry class, he discovered the eHiciency of lucifer for matches (1820). but, as he took out no patent, others reaped the benefit of his invention. He was next bookkeeper, then manager, then owner of a wool- combing mill, and made such important improvc- nient-s in its machinery that he became a wealthy manufacturer. He was also a member of Parli.a- nient, but in neither position did he forget the interests of the working men from whose ranks he had sprung. HOL'DER, Charles Frederick (1851 — ). An American naturalist. Born in Lynn, Mass., of Quaker i)arents. he was sent to the Friends' School in Providence, R. 1., afterwards to a seminary near Boston, thence to the United States Naval Academy, at Annapolis, but fol- lowed his natural bent toward science, and be- came assistant curator of zoology in the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, New York City (1871-75). He spent some time collecting speci- mens in difTerent p.arts of the country for the Aquarium at New Y'ork City, and was lecturer in the city schools as well as a writer upon scientific subjects for young people. After his removal to California, he took a prominent part in educational affairs, was made president of the Pasadena (Cal.) board of education, and trustee of, and professor of zoiilogy in, Throop Universi- ty. His publications include: M arrets of Animal Life ( 1880) ; Elements of Zoologi/ { 1885) ; Living Lights (1887); The Ivory King (1888); A Frozeyi Draqon (1888): .1 Strange Compnnij (1889); Around Pasadena (1889): The I'asa- detm Higklamis (1889); Santa Cntalina Island, Its S}X>rts (1889); Louis Agassiz, His Life (1892); Charles Darioin's Life and Work (189.3); The Treasure Divers (1889); Stories of Animal Life ( 1900) ; Big Game at Sea ( 1901) ; and'Hnlf Hours with Natitre (5 vols.. 1901). HOLDER, hel'der, Eduard Otto (1847—). A German jurist, especially versed in Roman law. Born at Stuttgart, he studied at Tiibingcn, and became professor at Zurich (1872). Greifs- wald (1874), Eriangen (1880), and Leipzig (189,3). His works include: Institutionen des riimisehen Reehtes (3d ed. 1893) ; Zum allgemei- nen Teil des Entu^urfs eines deutschen biirger- lichen aesetzbuehsilSSS) ; Pon/fcA-toi ( 1880-91) ; Veber ohjektires and s}ibjektires Reeht (1893); Die Stellung des riimisehen Erben (1895) ; with Scbollmeyer and others, he undertook the prepa- ration of the Kommentnr zum deutschen biirger- lielirn Gesclzhueh (1899 et seq.). HOLDERLIN, hel'd. r-lfn, Johann Chrls- iiAN Friedricii (17701843). A German poet, horn at Laull'en. and educated at Tiibingcn. where he knew Hcgid and Schclling. He was private tutor in the house of Schiller's friend. Char- lotte von Kalb( 1793-04). and then at Frankfort, where the mother of his young charges. Fran Gon- tard. ins|iired him with a platonie passion, which led him to celebrate her under the name of Dio- tima in his Huperion. But from this time on his mind began to fail, and. save for intervals of san- ity, he never recovered. His style was classic; his thought, in his best work, deep and full. He wrote: Hyperion, oder der Eremit in Orirrhen- land, a romance in epistolary form (1797-99);
