HOUND. 258 HOUNDS-TONGUE. nostrils; cars medium, long, broad and soft, round at end, set on liigli and well back; eyes showing no white, and with keen expression; jaws strong, willi strong and regular t*>elh; neck tapering from the shoulders to the head; shoul- ders well muscled and plajstio; chest well de- veloped, especially the breastbone; body long, back ribs very short; fore ribs well sprung; fore legs short and strong in bone; fore arms crooked; feet large, round, and strong; hind logs smaller in bone and higher than fore legs; lower thigh very short and forming nciirly a right angle with tlie'up|*r thigh; feet of hind legs smaller than those of fore legs ; coat short (except on the wire- haired), dense, strong, anil glossy, but short and fine on the under side of the body; skin loose and supple; color, red in all tints, black and tan, liver and tan, grey and tan, and spotted. White is objectionable, except in a small stripe from the breastbone (which is prominent) down- ward. Tlrnspit. a dog closely akin in build to the dachshund, and called the bath-hound or turn- spit, was used in England in some localities well into the nineteenth centurj- to drive a wheel by which the roastingspits were turned before the fire. He was put in a box in such a position that he could apply his fore feet one after another to a paddle-wheel, and by that means the spit went round. A similar dog, used for rabbiting, was early known to Knglish hunters as the 'wry- legged terrier.' The Otter-Hound. This is the gamiest and pluckiest of dogs. His prime requisite is such hardihood as will enable him to follow the otter to its water den and fight him there, withstand- ing without complaint the severest bites from this most vicious of animals. If fish an- to be 'preserved' in certain streams, otters must be limited, and to this end otter-hounds are a n«-essity. This dog must have powerful jaws and good teeth, also a rough grizzly coat, which defies alike the chill of the water and ' the teeth of the otter. Beneath the wiry outer coat, an under coat of oily wool is essential. This hound is a large dog. standing about 25 inches high, and weighing .lO to 75 pounds. The Gre.t Dane, or Gebma. Boarhound. This is the last visible renmant of one of the two groat classes into which dogs were divided by Xenophon and the early Greek writers — the 'fighting dogs.' famed for their huge frame, their pugnacity and ferocity under training. Jlost of the ancient nations cultivated this dog as an ally in their armies. .-Vrrian enumerates those of "the ^fede, Celt, Scr or Indian. Albanian. Ibe- rian, Lvcaonian, Libyan. Egj'ptian. Magnesian, ]rolossian. Briton. Arcanian. and a few others nearly allied." Cyrus had his war-dogs, and at Marathon dogs shared the honors of the day. That their use was continued by the Romans is evidenced by the fact that from the ruins of Herculaneum have been exhumed the calcined corpses of dogs wearing mail armor. The use of this huge dog for aggressive pugnacity has long since passed, but as a companion and safe- guard he has always been valued by German game wardens. The st.andard adopted by the Great Dane Club of America maintains all the great and marked qualities of this giant of the canine world, de- creeing for dogs a minimum height of 30 inches and a weight of 100 pounds, with an approximate height of 32 inches and u weight of 140 pounds. It requires a powerful and elegant brute. Tha body must be long, round, and compact; the coat short and line; the ears small and carried high; the eyes small, deeply set, and with a sharp ex- pression. The recognized colors are tlie various shadra of graj or blue, mouse color, black, white, red or fawn; also brindle or tiger-siriped or white ground, with patches of dark colors. The Mastiek. This dog (llic Canin Aii'ilicua of Linnaus) is a true hound, and undoubtedly is of IJriti.sh origin, for he was exported from there before the Itoman conquest of the islands. He was used by the Britons as a guard-dog for their persons and their Hocks, more than in the hunt: and he remains pret'minently I he watch-dog of the present day. Watching has become almost instinctive with him. He is the largest and most muscular dog known, exc('e<ling even the Great Dane, and has the courage of the bulldog, yet withal is so gentle that he is the especial favorite of children. In color he is apricot, or silver fawn, or dark fawn brindle, with the muzzle, cars and nose black in all cases; his coat is short and close-lying; his head is a very ideal of strength and massiveness, and it is set on a neck and chest in proportion. No height is sot in the standard, but a dog which must weigh from l.)5 to 175 pounds should be very little under three feet tall. Bhiliooraphy. Consult authorities mentioned under Doc. HOUND. A small shark. A name more com- mon in Great Britain than in America for the "dogfish' of the genus Mustelus, especially the blue or 'smooth' hound {Muslclus canis), com- mon to both sides of the .Atlantic. See Dogfish. HOUNDFISH. (1) A needle-fish, especially Ttildsarun tiijihiiUjma, also called 'guardfish.' See Neeolekish, and Plate of Needlefish, Tikes, ETC. ('2) A dogfish. HOUND, HOUNDING. . hound is a dog employed in the clia-if. specifically, in England, one adapted to fox-hunting. Hounding is the pvirsuit of game by hounds. The keeping of hounds and the sport of hounding are, to a greater or less extent, regulated by law. Those who follow hounds in fox-hunting, in England, are exempt to some extent from the common-law liability of other trespassers, such sport rank- ing as a privileged pursuit. The employment of hounds in deer-hunting is prohibited by statute in some of our States. Fox-hunting with hounds, however, is becoming popular in certain parts of this country. Consult Peer. Crosx Coiintrrf iyiih Horse and Hounds (New York, 1902), and the authorities referred to under Game Laws. HOUND'S-TONGUE (so called from the ap- pearance of the flowers), Ciinoglossum. A genus of coarse-appearing, small-flowered plants of the natural order Boragineie, of which there are many species. The common hound's-tongue (Cr/noi)lossum officinale) is a native of Europe, Asia, and .Africa introduced in North America. It has soft downy leaves, of a dull-green color. ptirpHsh-red flowers, and a stem about two feet high. Its odor is very disagreeable. The root was formerly administered in scrofula, dysentery, etc.. and is said to be anodyne. It is also one of the pretended specifics for serpent-bites and hydrophobia. The hound's-tongue is considered a pernicious weed on account of its burs, which
