HOWARD. 271 HOWARD. June 6, 1854, and is said to have suggested the name of 'Republican' for the new political or- ganization thus brouglit into existence. He was nominated for Attorney-General of the State by the new party in that year, and was elected and reelected twice thereafter, serving until 1859. In 18!)2 ho was elected to thp United States Sen- ate, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Senator Bingham, and was reelected for a full term in 1SG4. He translated from the French the Secret Memoirs of the Empress Josephine ( 1847) . HOWARD, John (1726-90). An English philanthropist, best known for his work in be- half of prison reform. He inlierited a consid- erable fortune from his father, and spent his early life in travel. Settling at Cardington, Bed- fordshire, in 1756, he erected model cottages for his tenants, and furnished schools for children of all sects. In 1773 he was appointed high sheriff of Bedfordshire, and soon the defective arrangements of prisons and the intolerable dis- tress of prisoners were brought under his notice. Finding that all the abuses he had seen at home existed in neigh'noring counties, he traveled all over the United Kingdom, and finally became a self-appointed prison inspector, not only of Great Britain and Ireland, but of all Europe. He gave evidence before the House of Commons, and in 1774 laws were passed for the improvement of the sanitation of prisons and the abolition of jailers' fees. In 1777 he published his State of the Prisons in England and ^^'ulcs, icith . . . an Account of Some Foreign Prisons. Aiter each of his many tours new editions, with addi- tional facts, were published. One important re- sult of this book was the adoption of the hard- labor system in English prisons. In 1785 Howard investigated the infection hospitals of Europe, with a view to discovering the best means of pre- venting the plague, and published An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe (1789). He died of camp fever, while studying the Rus- sian military hospitals. Ke was a man of deep religious feelings. He traveled more than 50,000 miles in making his investigations, on which he spent at least f.SO,000 of his own fortune, refus- ing all Goernment aid. Of the numerous works on Howard, consult, especially, his Correspond- ence, edited by J. Field ( 1855) , and lives bv Hep- worth Di.Kon (1840), by J. Field (1850), and by John Stoughton (185.3; new ed. 1884). HOWARD, .ToHM Eager (1752-1827). An American soldier, bom in Baltimore County, !Md, He served throughout the Revolutionary War, participating in the battles of White Plains, Ger- mantown, Monmouth, Camden, Cow-pens, Guil- ford Court House, and Eutaw Springs, becoming lieutenant-colonel in 1780, and receiving a silver medal from Congress for his conduct at the battle of Cnwpens. He was wounded at Eutaw Springs. At the close of the war he entered politics, and represented Maryland in Congress from 1787 to 1788. He was the Governor of his State from 1789 to 1792. In 1795 he was a member of the !Marvland Senate: was a United States Senator froni 1796 to 1803, declining in 1796 the port- folio of Secretary of War; and in 1798 was made a brigadiengeneral by Washington, when a war with France seemed certain. He organized a de- fense of Baltimore in 1814, when the English forces threatened *the city, and two years later was a Federal candidate for Vice-President. HOWABD, Lelaxd Ossian (1857—). An American enloniologist, bom at Rockford, 111. He took a scientific course at Cornell, and was as- sistant in entomology at the United States De- partment of Agriculture until 1894, when he was made chief of the service. He edited the journal Insect Life, lectured on entomology, and wrote on that subject for the Century and Standard dictionaries. He was made permanent secretary of the American .Association for the Advancement of Science; honorary curator in the United States National Museum, and wrote M(is<iuitocs ( 1901). Thp Insect Book (1901), and many articles in Government Reports and magazines. HOWARD, OuvEK Otis (1830—). An Ameri- can soldier. He was born in Leeds, Maine; giaduated at Bowdoin in 18.50, and at West Point in 1854; served as chief of ordnance during the Seminole troubles of 1857; and was assistant professor of mathematics at est Point from 1857 to 1861. Leaving the Regular Army in June, 1861. he became colonel of the Third Maine Vol- unteers, and commanded a brigade in the first battle of Bull Run. He was promoted to be brig- adier-general of United States volunteers in Sep- tember; particiiiated in the Peninsular cam- paign; and in the battle of Fair Oaks (June 1, 1862) received a wound which necessitated the amputation of his right arm. After a short leave of absence he rejoined the Army of the Potomac; took a prominent part in the battle of Antietam ; was promoted to be major-general of volunteers in November; and was engaged in the battle of Fredericksburg (December 13th). In April, 1863, he was placed in command of the Eleventh Army Corps, and as such took a conspicuous part in the battles of Chancellorsville and Get- tysburg. He then served in the Chattanooga, campaign, taking part in the battle of Chatta- nooga, and accompanying Sherman on his march for the relief of Knoxville. From .pril to July, 1864, he commanded the Fourth Army Corps of the Army of the Cumberland, and during the march to the sea and the campaign in the Carolinas commanded the Army of the Tennessee, which constituted the right wing of General Sherman's army. In December, 1864, he was appointed brigadier-general in the Regular Army, and in Jlarch, 18fi5, was brevetted major-general for serMces at Ezra Church and during the Atlanta campaign. From ilay, 1865, to July, 1874, he was commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Within less than three years 1400 schools (not including 700 Sabbath schools) had been estab- lished, and many of the freedmen had been en- abled to buy and maintain homesteads of their own, (See Freedmen's Bureau.) In 1874 How- ard was placed in command of the Department of the Columbia, and in this capacity conducted the operations against the Xez Perces Indians in 1877, and against the Bannocks in 1878. He subseriiK'ntly was superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point (1881- 82), and commanded successively the depart- ments of the Platte, of California, and of the East, In 1886 he was appointed major-general In the Regular Army, and in November, 1894, retired from the service. In 1895 he fotmded the Lincoln ^lemorial University at Cumberland Gap. Tenn. Besides numerous magazine articles, his publica- tions include: Donald's School Daiis (1879); Chief Joseph, or the Nez Perces in Peace and
