HUDSON RIVEB, SCHOOL. 287 HUE. ring rather the gentle and idyllic charms where haze and sunshine and autumnal coloring have softened its landscape to an almost cloying sweetness. For this reason, a later and more robust sot of painters have been disposed to use the term as one of gentle reproach, and indi- cating that scant justice has as yet been done this noble river. Among those who have in- vested this class of subject with considerable charm may be mentioned .J. F. Kensett, Sanford R. Gifford, J. B. Bristol, orthington Wliit- tredge. J. R. Brevoort, and .J. F. Cr<)])sey. The intluence of the school has not been lasting. HUDSON KIVEB SERIES. See Obdovician ST.STEM. HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. An English chartered company. It was incorporated in 1670, by Charles II., who granted to a number of 'adventurers,' with Prince Rupert at their head, the sole right to trade with the native tribes on the shores of Hudson Bay. The company had power to establish laws and impose penalties, to erect forts, maintain ships of war, and "make peace and war with any prince or people not Christian." It started with a capital of about £110,000, and for a long time it maintained its monopoly intact. Tlie progress made was not rapid, and by the middle of the eighteenth cen- tuiy the company had no more than 120 people in its employ ; but nevertheless three or four ships were sent out annually with a cargo of coarse English goods, which were sold to natives for furs and skins at rates which brought the pro- prietors a handsome profit. Conflicts soon arose with the French, who laid claim to the territory on the ground of an expedition made in 1656 by Jean Bourdon, who, according to Charlevoix. His- toire lie In Xourelle France, vol. i. (Paris, 1744), traveled from Quebec to Hudson Bay and took formal possession of the country inclosing James Bay. There is no doubt, however, that the Hud- son basin had been visited by English navigators long before 1650. In 1682 a trading post on the coast was surprised by the French, and in 1686 four more of the company's forts were taken. During the war of 1689-97 the same forts changed hands more than once, and by the terms of the Peace of Ryswick some of them were given to the French. It was not until the Treaty of I'trecht. in 1713. that the latter finally resigned all claims to the Hudson Bay territory. From 171.3 to 1703 the company enjoyed a peaceful and prosperous, but far from dazzling, career. It imported annually into England about 30.000 skins, and its dividends were 8 to 10 per cent. The conquest of New France was the turning- point in the company's history. When Canada became English, the vast territory- of the Hud- son's Bay Company became accessible from the south as well as from the sea. Trade increased tremendously, and in the next French war (1778- 83). when its factories were surprised by a French squadron under Laperouse, the company was strons enough to bear a loss of £500.000. So profitable a monopoly could not be long enjoyed. Not only private trappers, but rival companies, entered the field, on the principle of free and open trade guaranteed to all British subjects in the Declaration of Rights. Such a competitor was the famous Northwest Company, which, after years of strife amountinsr at times to actual war, was merged (1821) with its op- ponent under the name 'Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay,' for a period of twenty-one years. The territories of the com- pany had been gradually extended until they reached to the Arctic on the north and the Pacific on the west. In 1859 the trade monopoly was abolished, but the claims of vested interests and property rights remained unsettled until 1869, when, in return for an indemnitj' of £300,000, together with a land grant of 7,000,000 acres made by the Dominion Govermnent, the company gave up all its ancient privileges, and took its place on a footing with other business corpora- tions, retaining, however, its forts or trading sta- tions. The company's influence with the Indians has always been very great, and it has been served by a corps of well-trained agents who still in large measure administer justice and preserve order among the native tribes. Informa- tion regarding the Hudson's Bay Company may be found in Cawston and Keane, Early Chartered Comfxmies (London. 1896). Consult also: Brjce, Uislory of the Hudson Bay Company (London, 1000) ; Willson, The (Ireat Company (London, 1900) ; Bradley, Fight with France for Xorth America (New York, 1901). An account of the Northwest Company is given in Washington Irving's Astoria. HUDSON STRAIT. See Hudson Bay. HUE, hoo-a'. Capital of the Kingdom of An- nam. situated on the left bank of the Truong River, about 10 miles above its entrance into the sea, about latitude 10° 29' N.. and longitude 107° .38' E. (Map: French Indo-China, E 3). It is a walled city, fortified in the beginning of the nineteenth century by French engineers after the style of Vauban. Hue consists of two parts, the city proper and the suburbs, the former being in the middle of a square island separated from the suburbs on three sides by the river and on one side by a canal. The walls, which have a circumference of about 8000 yards, are of brick and very high, and the citadel has eight gates. The royal palace has yellow tiles on the roof; those of the nobles have red tiles. The wall inclosing the royal palaces has three gates, the centre one being in the form of a pagoda, elab- orately carved and gilded ; but most of the pub- lic buildings and nearly all the houses are comparatively mean and in bad repair. Popu- lation about" 100.000, of wliom 800 are Chinese and 350 Europeans, the latter consisting for the most part of the French Resident, his staff and military guards. The forts at the river mouth were taken by the French in 1883. HUE, 1.1, Georges Adolphe (1858—). A French dramatic composer. He was born at Versailles, and gave early evidence of his musical gift. When twenty-one years of age he won the Grand Prix de Rome, and two years later the Prix Cressent. Durin<r his period of study at the Paris Conservatory he was the pupil of Reber .and Paladilhe. His compositions include the following operas: Les Pant ins (1881): La belle att bois dormant (1894): Yazanta : and Le yoi de Paris. Among his orchestral works are the symphonic legend, in three parts. Jtii- bezahl, and a dramatic sacred episode. Resiirrer- iion. He also wrote much chamber music, and nimierous pieces for individual instrimients. He was one of the most successful teachers in Paris.
