HUG. 290 HUGGIN& HUG, hoiJg, JoHAKN Leonhabd (1765-1846). A Uonian Catholic scholar, lie was bom at Con- stance, June 1, ITtio, studied at FieiburfX, and in 178U entered into priest's orders. In Kill he was appointed professor of Oriental languages and of the Old Testament at Freihurg. and in 17"J:i of the New Testament also. The most important fruit of his biblir.il researches was his J iilruiliic- Hon to the Xeiv Testament (1808; 4th ed. 1847; Eng. trans., London, 1827, New York, 1830). His gieat eminence as a biblical scholar led to his being called on to take jKirt in the arrangement of the newly organized studies of .several Ger- man universities, as at Ureslau, in 1811; at Uonn, in 181(i; at Tubingen, in 1817; and again at Bonn, 1818, and 1831. He died -March 11, I84C. Among his untranslated works are Do Antiqiiilatc Codicis ^'atieanw Commentatio (1810) ; Das hohe Lied (1813) ; De I'cntateuchi iersiouc Alcxandrina Commcniatio (1818); Qutachten iibcr das Lcben Jcsu, kriliseh hear- beitet von D. Fr. Strauss (1835) ; and several on subjects of classical criticism, especially an in- t<"resting work on the ancient mythologies (1812). Consult A. Maier, Gedachlnissrede atif Hug (Frei- burg, 1847). HUGEL, Ini'gd. K.VRL Alkxander Axselm, Freiherr von (171)01870). An Austrian soldier, traveler, and naturalist, burn at Regensburg. He visited Greece, Crete, and Cyprus, examined the ruins of Palmyra and 15aalbek. made numer- ous journeys through Syria and Palestine, and arrived at Bombay in 1832. Thereupon he tra- versed the greater part of the Deccan. ascended the Nil-Gherria range, undertook thorough geo- graphical researches in Ceylon, and in 1833 shipped from Madras to Australia (then New Holland). He returned to India (Calcutta) by way of the Philippines, penetrated through Ben- gal to the Tibetan frontier, and reached Vienna early in 1837. He contributed papers regarding his expedition to Austrian scientific publications and to the Journal of the Royal Geographical So- ciety of London, and wrote also: Kaschmir vnd das Udell dcr Sirk{- vols., 1840-42) ; Das Kabul- becken (2 vols., 1850,52) ; and Der Stille Ozean vnd die spanisehen liesitzunqen im ostindisehen Archipel (1800). Other scholars, among them Endlicher, Heekel, Fenzl, and Schott, also pre- |>ared the results of his scientific collections. He obtained a European reputation as a horti- culturist, and founded and In-eame president of the Austrian Horticultural Society. HUGER. fi-je', Bex.tamin (1805-77). An American siddier. prominent on the Confederate fide in the Civil War. He was born in Charles- ton, S. C. ; graduated at West Point in 1825; and served in topographical and ordnance duty until the ^lexican War. in which he was chief of ordnance in General Scott's army. For his ser- vices he was brevetted successively major, lieu- t<>nant-colonel. and colonel. From 1848 until 1860 he commanded various arsenals. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the Con- federate service as a brigadier-general, and was soon promoted to be a major-general, in which capacity he commanded a division in the Seven Days' Battles against McClellan, but was re- lieved from his command for his failure to in- tercept the Federal army after the battle of Malvern Hill. He subsequently served in the ordnance department in the Trans-Mississippi district. HUGEK, Isaac (1742-97). An American sol- dier in the Revolution, born on Limerick Plan- tation, S. C, of French Huguenot ancestry. He was -sent to France to be educated, and on his return to America served in 1760 as a licuU-nant of a volunteer militia company, in a campaign against the Cherokees. With his four brothers, he entered enthusiastically into the revolutionarj' movement. He sered first as colonel in the South Carolina militia organization, and in January, 1779, was commissioned brigadier-general in the Continental Army. He took part in all the cam- paigns in the South, was especially relied upon by General Greene, to whom he was second in conunand in his North Carolina campaign against Cornwallis in the early months of 1781, and was wounded at the battle of Guilford Court House. HUG^GINS, Sir William (1824-). An English astronomer, born in London. He de- voted himself to the .study of astronomy, and in 1856 built an observatory at his residence in Upper Tnlse Hill, London, in which he mounted a telescope of eight-inch aperture, and made careful drawings of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. His attention was first engaged in observaticms on double stars, but afterwards he took up sjicc- trum analysis. His first discovery in this line was presented to the Royal Society in a pajjcr on the "Lines of Some of the Fixed Stars." He found also that some of the nebulir gave a si>cctrum of a few bright lines only, which showed that the light had emanated from heated matter in the state of gas; and. further, that one of the ])rineipal constituents of the g-jseous nebula- is hydrogen. He concluded, therefore, that the nebulae are not simply dusters of stars too dis- tant to be separately distinguished, but relics of the mass of glowing gas fnmi which the solar system is supposed to have been formed by condensation. (See NEBrL.i:.) He has also examined the spectra of comets, and has found that part of the light of these objects is diflercnt from the solar light. He also proved the ex- istence of carbon in comets. Huggins was the first to apply Doppler's principle (q.v.) to the measurement of stellar velocities toward the solar system or away from it. Tliis important kind of observation has since been carried on by many astronomers, and promises to throw entirely new light on the constitution of thr sidereal universe. He also made innovations along other lines. He introduced photography into astronomy, which, however, was of limited use till about 1875, when the invention of the gelatin dry plate enabled the astronomer by long exposure to accvimulate sufficient amount of light to obtain good pictiires of celestial objects, too faint to be seen even with the most powerful telescope. Huggins also invented a spectroscopic method for studying the red prominences of the sun, and proved, through a laboratory experiment, the existence of calcium in the solar prominences and chromosphere. In all his various researches Huggins has been ably assisted bv his wife. In recognition of his services to science, a number of honors were bestowed upon Huggins by vari- ous scientific bodies. He was president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1876 to 1878. of the British .Association for the Advancement of Science in 1801. He was chosen president of the Royal Society in 1000, and has at difTerent
