HtTGO. 295 HUGUENOTS. Hugo was now past seventy, but it is too early to speak of his decline. He could pose as old, in- deed, in the poems of L'art d'etre grandpere (1877); but (Juatre-vingt-treize (1874) is the most virile of his novels, with more intensity of action and a truer tragic catastrophe than Xotre- Daine or Les iliserables, though by no means without their faults and its own. The second part of La legende des sieclcs, if inferior to the first, is still grand; there are passages of primary quality in Les quatre vents de Vesprit (1881), La pitie supreme, and even in the Philosophic yteins (Le pape, lieligions el religion, L'une, 1878-80); the drama Tortjuemada (1882) is vig- orous at least by starts, and in the posthumous volumes (Le theatre en liberti. La fin de fiatan, Toule la lyre) one comes constantly on verses that bear his unmistakable mint-stamp. He died in Paris. May 22. 1885. His great age, reaching out into a new generation from an epoch that had passed away, and was indeed more foreign to that day than to our own, could not but impress popular imagination, the more so as his talent, his manner, and his [K-rsonal physique had something of the monumental and grandiose. Thus his death stirred an uniiaralleled wave of popular feeling. His body lay in slate beneath the Arc de Triomplip. His funeral became a pageant that royalty might envy, and could not equal. The relics of Saint Genevifeve, the patron f-aint of Paris, were removed from the Pantheon that it might receive the popular hero. Despite his own belief. Victor Hugo had no new or deep theories of life. He w-as the confi- dant of his centurj', "the sonorous echo in the middle of things." Personally he was vain, and rather ignorant, if we compare his knowledge with his pretensions. But he is Olympian in his defects — Zeus, Apollo, and Heplia'stus turned into one. His convictions are not important. He thinks to proclaim an oracle and reiterates a commonplace. But he is perhaps the greatest compellcr and gatherer of words, the greatest master of language that we know ; a gieat writ- er, rather than a great author, and therefore the more sure of an enduring democratic fame. He has formed the rhetorical and poetic taste of three generations of French youth. All schools of French verse that have arisen in the last half- cent urv have imited to call him their father. ]?IBLI0GR.PIIY. (Eurris com/ili'tes edition de- finitive, in 58 voLs. (Paris, 1885-1902). For biography and criticism, consult : Sainte-Beuve, Premiers Lundis, vol. i. (Paris, 1827); vol. iii. (ib., 1829) : liiographie des contemporains, vol. iv., pt. ii. (Paris, 1831) ; id., Porlrnits contempo- rains, vol. i. (Paris, 1846) ; Heine, LwKce (Ham- burg, 1854); Baudelaire, Notiee in the Rccucil de poetes fran(;ais of Crepet (Paris, 1862) ; Vic- tor Hugo raconti par tin tc'moin de sa vie (ib., Paris, 1803) ; Gautier, Histoire du romantisme (il).. 1874); Rivet, Vietor fJugo chcz lui (ib., 1878) ; Barbon.Les Grand Citoyens de la France: Victor Hugo, sa vie, ses ccuvres (ib., 1880) ; id.. T'ic^or Hugo ct son temps (ib.. 1882) : Bire (five remarkable volumes), Vietm- Hugo et la Rrstau- ration (ib., 1809) : Victor Huqo'avant IRSO (ib.. 1883) : Victor Hugo apres IS.io (ib.. 1891) : Paul de Saint-Victor. Victor Hugo (ib.. 1885) : .Vss,-- line, Victor Hugo iniime (ib.. 1885) : I.esclide. Prnpros dc tnhle de Victor Hugo (ib., 1885); Pellissier. Mouvement littfraire au XIXc sircle (ib., 1889) ; Bruneti&re, Evolution de la poisie lyrique au. JlXfme siecle (ib., 1893-95) ; Dupuy, Victor Hugo, I'homme et le poile ( ib., 1886)"; ilargials. Life of ietor Hugo, with Bibliography (London, 1888) ; Renouvier, Victor Hugo le pocte (Paris, 1892); ilabilhau, Victor ^ugo (ib., 1893) ; Stapper, Victor Hugo et la grande poesie lyrique en prance (ib., 1901) ; Swinburne, tstudy of Hugo (London, 1886) ; Leconte de Lisle and A. Dumas fils, Discours prononces pour la recep- tion de M. Leconte de Lisle (ib., 1887). The last volumes from Victor Hugo's pen were Post- scriptum de ma vie, a collection of aphorisms and impressions (1901), and La derniere gerbe, poems 1 11)02). HUGO OF FLAVIGNY, lla'v^.'nye' (1004-?). A Franco-German monk and scholar, born in Verdunois. He was educated in the Monastery of Saint Vannes, and afterwards went to Dijon, where, about 1090, he began his Chronicle. In 1095 he went to England, and a year afterwards became Abbot of Flavigny. He was obliged to leave his abbey in 1099, and though reinstated in 1100. was again forced to leave it by the hostility of Norgaud, Bishop of Autun, and retired to Dijon. His Chronicle is of value for its account of the last years of the eleventh century, and ex- tends from the birth of Christ to 1102. The original manuscript was in the possession of the late Sir Thomas Phillipps, the anliijuary, and was one of the great Jleerman collection, before he bought it. It was published by P. Labbe in Bihliotheca Manuscriptorum Nova, and in the Monumenta Gennaniw Historica. HUGO OF SAINT VICTOR (c.in!)7-1141 ). A P'rcnch monk and theologian, born probably in Lorraine. He was educated in the Jlonaslcry of Hamersleben in Sa.vony, and became monk in the Abbey of Saint Victor, near Paris. I'ntil the middle of the thirteenth century his works were very popular. In his treatment of mo.st of the general questions of theology he kept to the beaten path, but his views on psychological questions were original. There has been much discussion as to the authenticity of certain writ- ings attributed to him. In Acs wuvres dc Ungues de Hainl Victor (1886) M. Haurf-au gives a list of those about which there seems little doibt, ami disregards many theretofore considered his. Hugo's most famous book is De ftacrnmentis Christiana; Fidei. An excellent edition of his works was published at Venice in 1588. HUGUENOTS, hu'g^-nots, Fr. pron. i.ig'nA' (derivation unknown, possibly corrupted through Ignots, Igucnols, from Ger. 'Eidgcno.<iscn. confed- erates; according to others, a diminutive of Hugo, H agues. Hugh). The name borne by the Protestants of France from about the year" 1560 till their extinction as a political party in the seventc<'nth century; in a more general sense, the adherents of the Reformed religion before the French Revolution. Lutlieran Protestantism in- vaded Franco as early, i)robably, as 1520, and its principles were warmly embraced by large nvmi- bers of the learned classes and the nobility. Tlie followers of the new religion enjoyed the special protection of Margaret of Angouleme, Queen of Xav.-irre and sister of Francis I. The work of John Calvin (rry. ), himself a Frenchman, gave energy and cohesion to French Protestantism: but its strength always remained in the nobility and the middle classes, and it never appealed to the masses of the people as in Northern Gernianv.
