HUMANISM. 305 HUMBERT I. as the literary style of the Augustan age (q.v. ) became the sole model for the writer, so the spirit of antiquity, with its sensuous attitude toward life ami nature, its unqualified seoularity, its abandonment to the charm of things seen and temporal, controlled the humanists' thought and conduct. A second humanistic movement — more proper- ly called humanitarianisni — came to its culmina- tion in Comte's (q.v.) worship of humanity. It finds in man the highest and worthiest object of esteem and reverence, and is hostile to any theory which places the divine outside of the human. It is dirt'erentiatcd from the pagan Renaissance attitude most markedly by its placing the golden age of man's development not in the past, but in the future. Consult: Burckhardt, Die Cultur der Renais- sance in Italien (Basel, 1860; 3d ed. 1877-78), English translation by Middlemore (London, 1878 and 1891) ; Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Altertunis oder das erste Jahrhun- dert des Humanism us (Berlin, 1859; 2d ed. 1880- 81) ; Symonils's (q.v.) works on the Renaissance, epitomized by Pearson in A Short History of the Retuiissnnce in I tali/ ( Xew York, 1893) ; Owen, Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance (New York, 189.'?) ; Jebb, Humanism in Education. Romanes Lecture (London and New York, 1899) ; Pastor, History of the Popes (London, 1891); Einstein, The Italian Renaissance in Enyland (New York, 1902) ; Gasquet, The Eve of the Reformation (London, 1898). HUMANITARIANS (from Lat. humanitas, humanity, from humnnus, human). The name assigned to the several classes of anti-Trinitari- ans, who regard Christ as a mere man. and re- fuse to ascribe to Him any supernatural charac- ter, whether of origin or of nature. Theodotus of Byzantium, called the Tanner, a Monarchian (q.v.), is said to have been excluded from the Church by Victor, Roman Pontiff (189-198), be- cause, having denied Christ in time of perse- cution, he afterwards defended himself by declar- ing that in so doing "he had denied not God, but man." A contemporary and probably an associate of Theodotus. Artemas, taught in like manner that Christ was a mere man. Theodotus and Artemas probably represent a school or sect at Rome, and were the first to formulate the doc- trine, so far ns known. (See the articles SociNUS; Umt.ri.msm. I The name humanitarian is also sometimes applied to the disciples of Saint-Simon (q.v.). and in general to those who look to the perfectibility of human natiire as their great mora! and social dogma, and ignore altogether the dependence of man upon supernatural aid, believing in the all-sufficiency of his own innate powers. HUMANITIES. A term now employed pri- marily to designate the study of the classical literatures of Cjreece and Rome, and the various sciences which deal with them, such as gram- mar, classical philology', etc.: but sometimes sec- ondarily it includes all 'culture studies' in con- trast to professional studies. Cicero. Ailus Gellius, and other Latin writers used humani- tas in the sen'^e of cultiire becoming to a man and gained by the study of the great mas- terpieces, mostly of Greek literature, but not exclusive nf Roman. The scholastics adopted the term especially in the form of literce humani- ores (the more humane letters), but gave it a different emphasis by placing it in contrast and in subordination to divinitas (divinity or theol- ogy ) . This contrast gave to humanity an enlarged meaning, including all forms of secular learning. The humanistic movement (see Humanis.m) re- stored the word to its Ciceronian significance. But when the narrowness of humanism in regard- ing the study of the ancient classics as the means par excellence of gaining humane culture came to be appreciated, and when other sciences of liberal character arose, the term humanities began gradually to take on a larger meaning, and it is now used by some authorities to include all ])hil- ological study, together with history, philosophy, political science, economics, and all other sciences which concern themselves with human civiliza- tion. In the Scotch universities, however, the singular, 'humanity,' is used to designate the study of the Latin language and literature. HUMANN, hoo'man, Karl (1839-96). A German engineer and archaeologist, born at Steele. In 1861 he gave up his studies, as he was or- dered south because of his health. In Samos he made successful excavations of the famous Temple of Hera. In 1862 he built Sir Henry Bulwer, English Ambassador at Constantinople, an island palace ; two years later was employed by the Turkish Government to survey Palestine for a railroad from .Jaffa to .lerusalem ; and, after a trip to Egypt, mapped out the Eastern Balkans, after surveys ordered by Fuad Pasha. . But besides the name he made for himself by these maps, and by engineering in Northern Asia, he got fame for his excavations at Pergamus (1878-86); was made honorary doctor by the University of Greifswald, director of the Museum of Berlin, and Privy Councilor ( 1894) . His later excavations were at Senjirli, in Northern Syria, at Tralles, and Magnesia. With Conze. Bohn, and others, he published Die Ergehnisse der Aus- yrahunyen zu Pergamon (1880-88), and with Puchstein, Reisen in Kleinasien und Nordsyrien (1890). HUMAYUN, htrn'ma-yijon'. A Great Mogul of India, son of Baber and father of Akbar. He came to the throne in 1530. but after ten years of successful warfare was defeated by the Afghan iSher Khan and driven from India. He took refuge at the Court of Persia, and with a Persian army returned in 1555. and recovered control of Delhi and Agra. He died at Delhi, where a great mausoleum was built for him. HUM'BER. The continuation and estuary of the rivers Ouse and Trent, between the English counties of York and Lincoln (Jlap: England, G 3). It is 38 miles long and from 1 to 7 miles broad, with Hull on its north shore and Great Grimsby on the south. It was the entrance for the Norse invasions of the ninth and tenth centuries. HUMBERT I. (Ital. I'mberto) (1844-1900). King of Italy from 1878 to 1900. He was the eldest son of Victor Emmanuel II. and .delaide. Archduchess of Austria, and was born at Turin, March 14. 1844. At an early age he obtained an insight into political and military life imder the guidance of his father, during the war of 1859, although he was then too young to take an active part in the struggle. He was more closely connected with the process of the unification of Italy which followed. In July,
