HUNDKED YEARS' WAR. 319 HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE. tlie possessions of the English in France, and attacking them in Spain, he forced a new war in 13(J9. Du Uueselin did not attempt to meet the English in the open, but harass<;d them, and cut oil their supplies, and the English experi- enced a succession of misfortunes. Moreover, in 1370 the Black Prince died, and there was no one capable of taking his place; a year later Edward HI. also died, and was succeeded by Richard II., a minor. When, in 1380, Charles VI. (q.v. ) succeeded his father, few possessions remained to the English in France. In 13!)G a truce for twent3'-eight years was signed, which ended the first period of the war. In France meanwhile Charles VI. had become insane, civil war broke out between the factions of the Armagnacs (q.v.) and the Burgundians, and Paris itself was distressed by the rising of the Cabochiens (q.v.) in 1413. In England Kichard II. was overthrown by Henry IV. in 1399, and the latter was succeeded in 1413 by his son Henry V. But the House of Lancaster did not feel secure on the throne, and nothing would turn the attention of the people away from internal affairs as completely as a foreign war. So, in 1415 the war began again with the invasion of France by Henry V. France dis- united ofl'ered an easy prey to the English, and soon the country was almost entirely in their possession, especially as they were aided by Philip. Duke of Burgundy (q.v.), who was eager to revenge the murder of his father, John the Fearless (q.v.). To the first year of this period belongs the battle of Agincourt (q.v.), the last of the three great English victories. On May 20, 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed, by which Henry V. was recognized as Regent of France and flie heir of Charles VI., while the Dauphin was disowned by his own mother. The English held practically the whole of France. In 1422 both Henry V. and Charles VI. died, and the former was succeeded by his son, Henry VI., a child of ten months, who was crowned Henry of France at Paris, his uncle Bedford being Regent. Charles VII., the successor of Charles VI., gave no signs of ability, and it seemed as if Henry VI. would really hold France permanently. But when aft'airs looked darkest France was saved by Joan of Arc (q.v.), who came forward and raised the siege of Orleans in 1429. thus turn- ing the tide of war. From that time on the English slowly but surely lost ground, and when, in 14.'J3, their last great captain. Talbot, fell at Castillon, the war ceased. Of all the extensive English conquests in France, nothing remained except the city of Calais and a small adjoining district. This France did not regain imtil I.5.5.S. Consult: Lavisse and Ranibaud, Histoirc fjctirrnlc, vol. iii. (Paris. 1804) ; Kitchiii,fl'(s/o)-;y of France, vol. i. (Oxford. 1873) : Hardy. La Oucrre de cent ans (Paris. 1877) : Dognon. Lcs Armafinncs rt Ics liourtjniijnons (Toulouse, 1890) : Wallon, Jeanne d'Arc (Paris. 1875) ; Longman, Ednard Til. (London. 1869). See Fb. ce; England; and BlRGlNnY. HU'NEKER, .LvMES GronoNS (1800— ). An American musical writer and critic, horn in Phila- delphia, Pa. He was a pupil of Alfredo Barili, and of Bitter and Doutreleau for theory, in Paris. On the completion of his studies in the latter city he returned to New York, where he took up his permanent residence (188.5). He was musical editor, and in 1902 became dra- matic editor, of the New York Sun. His numer- ous contributions to the leading magazines and reviews contain vigorous and consistent presen- tations of his musical ideal.*. His works in- clude: Mezzotints in Modern Music (1899); Chopin, as Man and Munician (1900), probably the most sympathetic life of Chopin for either musician or layman; and Melomaniaes (1902), a volume of stories on musical subjects, charac- teristically clever and imaginative. HUNFALVY, hun'fol-ve, Janos (1820-88). An Hungarian geographer. He was born in the County of Zips, Hungary; became professor of statistics in the Academy of Kesmark; took part in the political agitation preceding the revolu- tion of 1848; and was professor of history in the polytechnic school at Buda (1806-70), and of geography in the University of Pest after 1870. He was elected a member of the Hun- garian Academy in 1865, and died in Budapest, llunfalvy wrote a Universal History (1850-51), and a Universal Geography ; of the latter, only- two volumes appeared during the avitlior's life- time; the third was published in Budapest in 1890. An excellent descriptive work on Hun- gary, entitled A magyar birodnlom iermdszeti viszonyainalc Icirdsa, appeared in 1803-66. He issued in German his Ungarn iind Siebenbiirgen in Originatansichten (1850), and in both German and JIagjar his work on the Travels of Ladislas Magyar (1859). HUNFALVY, Pal (1810-91). An Hungarian philologist and ethnogi-apher, brother of the pre- ceding. He was born in the County of Zips, studied law at Pest, and from 1842 to 1848 was professor of law at Kesmark. Then he was elected to the Hungarian Diet, in which he sat until it was dissolved, when he went to Pest, and in 1856 founded the philological re- view Magyar Xyclvcazet. Having been elected to the Hungarian Academy in 1859, he was for many years its librarian. He wrote: Chresto- mathia Fennica (1861): Utazds a Balt-tenger videkein, travels in the Baltic country (1871); treatises on the dialects of the Voguls (1872) and the Ostiaks (1875) ; a JIagyar ethnography (1876; German by Sehwicker, "l877) ; in Pro- chaska's series on the peoples of Austria-Hun- gary, a volume entitled Die Ungarn oder Ma- gyaren (1881) ; and Die Rum<incn und ihre An- spriirhc (1SS3). HUNGARIAN CONFESSION, The. A con- fession of faith prepared by the Synod of Czenger, and adopted hy the Refomied Church of Hungary, 1558. Its chief points were its emphatic rejec- tion of the anti-Trinitarian views which had spread widely through Hungary of the Roman Catholic and Lutheran doctrines of the Eucha- rist, and of . abaptism. I'pon the point of reprobation it is silent. Tlie Confession was su- perseded in 1507 by the Hungarian Synod's ac- ceptance of the Second Helvetian Confession (1506). Consult Schafl". Creeds of Christendom (London. 1SS4). HUNGARIAN GRASS. See Foxtati. Gra.ss. HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE. Called by those who s])eak it. Magyar: one of the Ural- .Mtaic group of languages, and both politically and literarily the most important representative of the <,'roup. With the exception of the closely allied Finnish (including the various Finnic dia- lects spoken in Russia, as well as the Lapp) and
