HTJSS. 347 HUSSITES. hierarchy, the priests, and the monks by denounc- ing, in imitation of W'iclif, the corruption of the Church. In 1410 lie and his followers were put under the ban. Undeterred, he kept on preaching as before. In 1411 Pojje John XXIII. proclaimed a, crusade against King Ladislas of Naples, and promised indulgences to the volunteers. Huss the next year gave out a university debate upon the question of indulgences, which only widened the breach bitwein himself and the university au- thorities and the clergy. In 1412 a Papal inter- dict was issued against him. In reply he wrote his book On the Church, again drawing heavily from Wiclif, and appealed from the Pope to a general council and to Christ; and then, feeling no longer safe in Prague, lie withdrew to the castles of certain friendly noblemen. In 1414, obedient to a summons, but under the protection of King Wenceslas. and with a safe conduct to go to Constance, given by the Emperor Sigismund, he went to the general council which had been con- vened in Constance. His journey thither was a triumph, and he entered the city (Xovember .Sd) in great state. At first he was a free man. but on Xoveniljer 2.Sth be was apprehended and charged with having made an attempt to leave the city, and cast into prison, in spite of the indignant protests of the Bohemian and Polish nobles. He may have fan- cied that he would have opportunity to defend his views in open debate, but he quickly learned that the council intended to try him as a heretic. He was, however, long kept in suspense, for it was not till June 5, 1415, that he was first formally accused. On June 8th thirty-nine charges were e.hibited against him, some of which he acknowl- edged as fairly based upon his teachings, while others he declared to be misrepresentations. Being required to recant his alleged errors, he refused to do so until they should be proved to be errors. On June 18th the articles of his condemnation were prepared; on June 24th his books were burned; on July 1 his attempts to come to an under- standing with his prosecutors failed, and on Sat- urday, July 6th. he was condemned to be burned at the stake for heresy. The same day the sen- tence was executed, and the martyr's aslies were thrown into the Rhine. The Emperor, probably influenced by the fact that condemned heretics had no claim to protection, did not interfere, as he might have done. The death of Huss caused sorrow and indignation throughout Bohemia, and led to the so-called Hussit« War. See lUS-SITES. A critical edition of Huss's writings, distin- guishing between his own works and his ti'ansla- tions from Wiclif. is lacking. The b<'st we have is F. Palackv's Documenta Magisiri Joannis Bus (Prague. 18(J9). The works of Huss in Bo- hemian were published by K. J. Erben ( Prague, 1865-68). E. de Bonnechosa published a French translation of his letters (Paris, 1846), from which an English translation was made ( T-ondon, 1846) ; F. B. Mikowec prepared one in German (Leipzig, 1869). Xowotny began a German translation of his sermons (Giirlitz. 18.5.5). For his biography, consult: Gillett (Boston. 186.3- <ii). and Wratislaw (London. 1882); for his relations to Wiclif, Loserth, Wiclif and Huss, translation (London. 1884). HUSSARS, huz-z;irz'. Light cavalrs-. Orig- inally a di-^tinct t>-pe of Hungarian mounted troops, receiving their name, it is said, from the TOL. X.— 23. circumstance of their origin, llatthias Corvinus having in 1458 raised a body of cavalry to operate against the Turks by taking one man out of every twenty inhabitants; hence the use of the word husz-ar, in Hungarian, the ticentieth. The demand for cavalry possessing greater mo- bility than the dragoons, as yet the only type, led to the formation of light-cavalry regiments on the hussar model. Nearly two-thirds of the entire cavalry strength of Great Britain con- sists of hussar and lancer regiments, the general proportion throughout Europe being almost as great. The original Hungarian hussars had sev- eral peculiarities of dress and equipment, the most conspicuous of the former lieing a loose jacket suspended in part from the shoulders, a feature still preserved in several countries. See C'AV.iLRY. HUSSEIN AVNI PASHA, hy-sin' av'ne pa-shii' ( 1819-76). A Turkish general and states- man, born at Dost-Koj. near Isparta, in Western Asia Minor, and educated after his sixteenth year in Omstantiiiople. In 1853 he entered the General Staff under Omar Pasha, and with him directed the fortification of the Balkan pas.ses. He com- manded a division in the war with Jlontenegro (1859-60), became General of the Guard (1864), and in 1867-69 put down the rising in Crete. As a reward for this service he was made ilinister of War, from which post he was retired in 1871, after- the death of Ali Pasha, his protector. In 1872, on the accession of Midhat Pasha to the Grand-Viziership. he returned to Constantinople from his exile at Isparta. became Grand Vizier in 1874, and Governor of Smyrna in 1875. In the same year he was again Minister of War for six weeks, and in May, 1876. was a leader i^ the plot which deposed Abdul Aziz and put Amurath V. on the throne. Less than a month later he was assassinated by an officer, Hassan Bey, at a Ministerial meeting. HUSSITES. The followers of John Huss (q.v.). Honoring him as a martyr, about 450 Bohemian nobles formed a league, protesting against the action of the Council of Constance which had condemned Huss to be burned, and bidding defiance to decrees of bishops and the Pope. The symbol of their confederacy was the cup. the use of which in the Lord's Supper they extended to the laity, as had already been done with the approbation of Huss. King Wenceslas of Boliemia was constrained to grant them the use of many churches. After his death (August. 1419) the majority refused to recognize as King his brother, the Emperor Sigismund (q.v.), who had broken his safe-conduct given to Huss. The so-called Hussite wars followed. For eight years (1420-27) the Hussites, led by their generals Ziska (q.v.) and Procopius (q.v. ). were victorious against the forces sent against them by the Em- peror and the Pope, and in 1429 and 1430 they carried terror into the countries of Germany bor- dering on Bohemia. Convents and churches were reduced to ashes, and priests and monks were slain. From the beginning the Hussites had in- eluded two parties — the more conservative, called Calixtines(q.v. ). or L'traquists. more in sympathy with the Church, and hoping for an ultimate rec- onciliation, and the radical, called Tahorites(q.v.) . who went much further in rejecting doctrines and practices of the Church. . third faction, inter- mediate between the two, called Orphans, also
