HUTCHINSON. 350 HUTTEN. England, still further aroused public indignation, and led the ilinistry to see the necessity for stronger measures. The temporary »us|>eiision of the civil (iovernmenl followed, and tieneral Gage was a|)[K>inted military <iovernor in April, 1774. Driven from the country by threats in the following May, and broken in health and spirit, IlutchiniHin spent the reniaimler of his life an exile in England. There, still nominally Gov- ernor, he was consulted by Lord North in r^nvrd to American alTairs, but his advice that a mod- erate [Mjlicy be adopted, and his opposition to the Koston Port Bill, and the suspension of the Massachusetts Constitution, was not heeded. His American estates were conhscated, and he was eom|H'lled to refuse a baronetcy on account of lack of means. He wrote a Hislory of Massachu- setts Bay (vol. i. 17(54, vol. ii. 1707, and vol. iii. 1828). a work of great historical value, calm, and judicious in the main, but entirely unphil- osophical and lacking in style. His Diary and Lc/<er.s %vere published in 1884-86. Consult also: Hosnier. Life of Thomas Hutchinson (Boston, 1890) ; and the chapter '"Thoma-s Hutchinson, the Last Royal Governor of Ma8sachu.setts." in Fiske. Essrnis. Historical and Literary, vol. i. (New York.'] '.102 I. HUTCHINSON, Thomas .Toseph (1820-85). An Kiiglish explorer, born at Stonyford. Ireland. Ue studie<l medicine and. after a trip to West Africa in 1S51, was chief surgeon on the Niger ICxpcdilion ( I854-.5.'>). After two years as Eng- lish consul at the Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po. he became Governor of the latter place (1857), and in 18G1 was transferred to the consulate at Rosario in Argentina, where a year later he took part in the Salado Exi)edition. In 1870 he was appointed consul at Callao. and three years later retired to his Irish property. He wrote: Xarra- tive of the yi^er Tshadda Binuc Exploration (1855) ; Impressions of Western Africa (1858) : Ten Years,' Wandering Among the Ethiopians (1861) ; Buenos Ayres and Argentine Gleanings (1865); Parana and S^oitlh American Recollec- tions (1808):'rno Years in Peru (1874 1; and Summer Ramhles in Brittany (1876). HUTCHISON, JoHX (1832—). A Scottish sculptor, born in Edinburgh. He learned his trade there as a wood-carver, but was attending the art school at the same time, and graduated as a sculptor after studying for some time at Unnic. His early work was exhibited in the Royal Scot- tish .Vcademy, but his first appearance in the corresponding London Gallery was in 1862. Apart from purely imaginative work, he made statues of Robert IJruce. .John Knox. Norman Mc- Leod, Queen Victoria, and the Prince Consort, as well as of other personages less notable, while he left his mark conspicuously upon his native city in the figures representing four of Scott's characters in the monument to Sir Walter on Princes' Street. HUTIA, oote'A (Sp.. from the native n.Tmcl. A West Indian rodent or hog-rat, of the family Octodontida", differing from rats in having four grinders on each side in each jaw, with flat crowns. The tail is round and slightly hairy, and is used for support in sitting erect, as by kangaroos, and for aid in climbing trees. They make much use of their fore paws as hands. They are closely allied to the coypu (q.v.), but are not aquatic, and make their home in the woods. The best-known species is the hutia- couga {Caproniys pilorides) of Chiba, which is about 22 inches long to the root of the tail. The fur is long, coarse, and yellnwish brown, with the paws and cars blackish. Another Cuban species is the hutiacarabali {Caprumys prehen- silis), the tip of whose tail is prehensile. The hutia-couga is a. skillful clinilH'r, and lives in dense forests. It* food is chielly fruits, leaves, and bark ; but it also eats the flesh of small ani- mals, particularly that of a kind of li;card. It is easily tamed, and the Cubans consider its flesh a delicacy, fur which reason it is much hunted by the natives. The smaller hulia-carabali is said to live chiefly in the tops of trees. Jamaica has a short-tailed hutia (Capromys brachyurus) (see Plate of Caie.s, etc.). IfM-ally called 'coney,' which has become rare; and In- graham's hutia (Capromys Ingrahami) inhabits the Bahamas. Consult Poey, lUemorias (Havana, 180002). HUTTEN, hyt'tm, Philip vox (c.1515-46). A (Jernian adventurer, and relative of I'Irich von Hutten (q.v.). He was one of the 600 adven- turers collected from all parts of Kuroi>e who went out under George Hohermuth (better known as George of Speyer) to conquer the Prov- ince of cnezuela, which had >een granted by Erajwror Charles V. to the great Augsburg fam- il.y of Welser (q.v.). When Hohermuth died in 1540, Hutten became Captain-General, and the next year, in company with young Barthohmiiius Welser, eldest son of the head of the family, left Coro with a well -equipped force to seek the mythical El Dorado (q.v.). .Vfter wandering about for five years, the remnant of the exjjedi- tion returned to Venezuela to find a new Gov- ernor in power. Juan de Caravajal had been ap- pointed by the Audiencia of Santo Domingo to preserve order in Venezuela, but as the years went by with no news of Hutten and his follow- ers, he began to feel secure in his position. Con- sequently, tlie return of the adventurers was anything but welcome to him. When he saw how diminished they were in number he thought to force from them an acknowledgment of his au- thority. In this, however, he was imsucc<'ssf<il, as he also was in an attempt to seize them. In fact, this last effort was well nigh disastrous to himself, for he was wounded by Welser, and forced to pledge the Germans safe passage to the coast. Relying upon Caravajal's word of honor, ihe adventurers took no pn^cautions against at- tack, and were easily captured by the treacherous Spaniard. Avho, after keeping Hutten and Welser in chains for a time, had them belieaded. Hut- ten seems to have been a man of higher character (ban most of those with whom he was associated. He left a narrative of his adventures entitled Zcitunq aus Indicn (1785). HUTTEN, Ulrich vo.n (1488-1523). A scholar, poet, and reformer of the German Renaissance, one of the most celebrated of the Humanists. He was descended from an ancient and noble familv, and was born at the Castle of Steckelberg in Hesse. April 21. 1488. At the age of ten he was placed in the neighbor- ing monaster!' of Fulda, but, disliking this mode of life, fled in 1.505 to Cologne, where he met Hoogstraten. Johannes Rhegius. and other schol- ars of the day. In 1506 he came to Krfurt. but soon after rejoined Rhegius at Frankfort-on-the- Oder. There he took his master's degree and
