HUXLEY. 353 HUYDECOPER. ship of comparative anatomy at the Royal In- stitution; in 1863, the Hunterian professorship at the Royal College of Surgeons; in 1808, the presidency of the Ethnological Society; in 1869, the presidency of the Geological Society; in 1870, the presidency of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and a seat on the first school board of London; in 1871, the ^cretaryship of the Royal Society, of which he became president in 1883; in 1872, the lord rec- torship of Aberdeen University; in 1881, the pro- fessorship of biology in the" Royal College of Science (an expansion of the earlier chair in the Royal School of Mines) ; in 1892 Privy Councilor. He served on no fewer than ten royal commis- sions, of which the most important were that of Inquiry into the Sea Fisheries (1864-6.5), and that on Scientific Instruction, and the Advance- ment of Science (1870-7.5), Huxley's gifts of exposition were as remark- able as his powers of research. His scientific lec- tures, like his papers, were models of clearness. as well as accuracy, and he was biitb cogent and eager in debate, and fascinating in popular address. In 1858 he delivered the 'Croonian' lec- ture on the "Origin of the Vertebrate Skull." in which he disposed forever of the hypothesis that the skull IS. homologically, an expanded section of the vertebral column. The ver^- next year The Oric/in of f^pecies was published. Convinced by its arguments. Huxley threw himself heart and soul into their support, adducing much telling corroboration from his own investigations. His series of lectures to London workingmen in 1860 had this for their theme, and did much to further the acceptance of the new doctrines. They were the basis of the powerful book Man's Place in Nature, and were succeeded by many addresses, essays, and debates, influential in in- forming the public and overcoming both scientific objections and religious alarm. It may fairly be said that science as contained in the doctrines of organic evolution, and especially in the views of Darwin, is almost as much indebted to the lucid exposition and bold championship by Hux- ley as to the originators of the theories. Never- theless Huxley accepted Darwin's hypothesis of natural selection with a qualification. He pointed out the lack of evidence that any group of ani- mals has, by variation and selective breeding, given rise to another group in the least degree infertile with the first: but he believed this objection might disappear under prolonged ob- servation and experiment. As to Lamarck's theory of use-inheritance (q,v,), he declared, in 1890, his absolute disbelief, as the evidence then stood, Huxley came to America in 1876, and deliv- ered in New York three lectures on Evolution, taking as his texts the series of fossil borses. During that visit he delivered the opening ad- dress at .Tohns Hopkins L^niversity, Huxley's contributions to science were of the widest range, and embraced every department nf biology. His exposition of the relations of protoplasm as the physical basis of life is particularly masterful. He was not only a man of science, but a publicist. His services were always at command for the promotion of political, social, and moral reform — first and chiefly for the cause of national education. His devotion to labors thus entailed, added to professional toil, did much to undermine his health, which for some years toward the end of his life was very poor. He died at Eastbourne, .lune 29, 1895. Professor Huxley bore an honorable part in creating the knowledge which will make the nine- teenth century nicniorahle ; and a great part of it was made permanent in a series of books, of which the following is a complete list; Oceanic Eydrozoa. (1859) ; Evidence as to Man's Place in yature (1863); Elementary Physiology (1866; 4th ed. 1885) ; Lay Sermons, Addresses, and lie- vieics (1870; 3d ed. 1887); Anatomy of Verte- hrated Animals (1871) ; Critiques and Addresses (1873); Elementary Biology (with Dr. H. N. Martin) (1875; 2d ed. 1876; 3d ed., edited by G. B. Howes and D. H. Scott, 1877) ; American Addresses: (1877); Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals (1877); Physiography (1877); Hume (1878); The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology (1880); Collected Essays (9 vols., 1893-94). These contained some reprinted material as follows: Method and ReS'Ults: Dar- uiniana : Science and Education; Science and Hebrew Tradition ; Science and Christian Tradi- tion: Hume, Man's Place in Nature : Discourses, Biological and Geological ; Evolution and Ethics, and other essays. Four volumes of Huxley's Scientific Memoirs, edited by Sir Michael Foster and Prof. E. Ray Lankester. were published be- tween 1898 and 1902. An authorized collection of his minor writings appeared in eight duodecimo volumes (New York, 1897-1900). His Elements of Biology became the model for a large number of laboratory manuals, and his Crayfish is a classic of the methods of the investi- gator and the instructor combined. Whatever his theme, the weight and honesty of his thought and the distinction of his style make his works part and parcel of the best books of his time. Consult: Life and Letters of Thomas. Henry Huxley, by his son. Leonard Huxley (2 vols., London, 1900), which contain a complete li.st of his writings and of the honors awarded him; Thomas Henry Huxley: A Sketch of Bis Life and Work, by P. Chalmers Mitchell (London, 1900) : Thomas Henry Huxley, by Edward Clodd (London and New York, 1902 ) . HUY^ 'e'. A strongly fortified town of Bel- gium, in the Province of Lifge. situated amid lofty rocks on both banks of the Meuse, 18 miles by rail from Li&ge (Map: Belgium, D 4). Its citadel, dating from 1822, is partly excavated in the solid rock and commands the passage of the river. The Church of Notre Dame, a graceful Gothic edifice, was begun in 1311 snd restored after having been partially destroyed by fire in the sixteenth century. The town contains dis- tilleries and paper-mills, and in the vicinity are iron-works and coal-mines. Population, in 1890, 14.486: in 1900. 15.061. In one of the suburbs of Huy was formerly situated the Abbey of Neuf- moustier. founded by Peter the Hermit, who was also interred within it. Huy was taken repeated- ly by the Dutch and French in the many wars which swept over this region, and was last cap- tured by Marlborough and Coehoorn in 1703. HUYDECOPER, hoi'dr-ko'per. Balthasab (1695-1778). A Dutch poet and critic, born at -Amsterdam. One of his first books, Proeve van tnal- en dichtkunde op Vondel's Herscheppingen van Oridius (1730), or annotations to Vondel's translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, is an im- portant contribution to classical study. So is
