HERZEN. at Moscow. Ilcwnstlic illicit iiiintc cliiltl of a rich nublcnian, Ivan Alexcyi'vilili VakovlvflT. He re- leiveil the fashinnablo Krciic-li vdiU'atioii of llie timi". and while at scIkhiI bccaiiic a (jrcat ailiiiircr of the contemporary French socialists, .rrested in 18;t4 with ills comrades, he wa.s sent to Perm and then to Vialka, wlicre he held a ixisitioii in tlie (governor's oHice. Transferred to Vladimir, he married, hrini;inK his hride secretly from Moscow. In 1.S40 he was allowed to return to Moscow. A close study of Ile^'cl, whose teachings were then in the ascendency, brought him to con- clusions quite opposite to those of most of his friends. i"nder the inlluence of the dwtrines of I'roudhon. C'abet, and Ixmis Blanc, he became a rahid Westerner as distin^'iished frf)m the tslav- ophils. lie resigned his (iiivcrnmcnt position in 1842. an<l left Hussia in 1H47, after havinjr pub- lished, under the pseudonym of 'Iskander,' two works on |iliil(>s<ipliy as well as .several novels. He settled in Paris, was in full sympathy with the events of 1S4S, although not actively eupaged in them, and later was on intimate terms with Proudhon, Garihahli. as well as with many revo- lutionists in France. Italy, and Switzerland, and carried on a systematic agitation against the nb.solutist Government of Russia. Forced by the police to leave Paris, he was naturalized in Swit- zerland, and, founding a free press in London, published after 1S.'>7 bis weekly Kiilnkul i "The Bell"). From 1804 to 1807 he published it at tJeneva, and moved to Paris in IStifl. where he soon died of pneumonia. His literary activity began as parly as 18;)0. His wiuks are striking- ly brilliant, characterized by depth of thought and artistic form. His best-known novel, ^'ho Is to Hlaiiief ileals with the ipiestions of free- dom of feelings, family ndations. and woman's position in wedlock. The dominant idea is that it is futile to seek happiness by locking one's self lip within the narrow family interests away from society and the world. A great admirer of Western civilization, he was com- pletely disappointed in it when viewing it at close range, and was disgtisted with the mer- cantilism of the bourfieoixii; but saw a bright future for the working classes, and expected much from the ri'generntive power of Rus- sia, with her comnuinistic village sysU'in of the mir. These ideas he embodied in his Viim andcrn Vfcr (18,10; published in Russian, 1855: in French, 1870) ; and in his Letters frnm France and ftali/. in which he gives a keen analysis of the causes that brought on the revo- lutionary events of the time. He was a free- thinker in the broadest sense of the word, hence his negative .Tttitude toward all parties and creeds. His influence was overwhelming, the greatest secrets of the State and the Imperial household immediately finding their way 'into his paper, a copy of which was very often placed in the Emperor's room. But his popularity was undermined by his advocacy of the Polish rebel- lion, he having for a long time stubbornly refused to lend anv assistance, until finally persuaded by his friend Bakunin (q.v.). The circulation of the Kiiliikol. from over .1000 fell to about r,On. and Hcrzen finally stopped its publication. Besides the works mentioned, the following are among his best: nUetlanlism in firirnrr (1842) : J.rltrrs on the Stiiijji nf Xature (1845-4(5): From the ^^emoir■t of Dortor Krupoff (1847): Rerollre- iions of Mil Trarel.i (1848): On the Dcvelop- 28 HERZOG. ment of Rciolutionnry Ideas in Russia (1851); liaptized I'ropcrty (1853), or ".Serfism" ; Prison and Exile (1854) ; My Exile (1855) ; Interrupted Tales (1850): Franee or Enyland (1858): The Old World and Russia: and The Sew I'hase of Russian Literature (18(i4). His collected works in Russian were pviblishcd in ten volumes at (ieneva (1875-85). Who Is to Hlame.' was pub- lished at Saint Pcti'r.sburg in 18JI1, his correspon- dence with his friends in the Monthly h'lisKinn Thouyht in IS'.'O. In French his works appcarccl as follows: il^moires, vols, i.-iii. (Paris, 1800- 02) ; RMts et nourclles (ib., 1873). The Koto- kol appeared at Brussels in 180305. under (he title Cloche. For a biography. consult : Eckhardt, in Junyrussisch und AltlivUindisch (].«ipzig, 1871) ; and Sperher, Die so^ialpolitischen Ideen .1. Ilrrrrn.i (Leipzig, 1894). HERZLIEB, herts'l^h, Mixna (1780-1805). A friend of (Joethe. who addressed to her several of his sonnets, and in his nhln nnindlschaftrn is suppo-ed to have represented her under the name Ottilie. Consult Gildertz, Goethcs Minehen (Bremen. 1888). HERZOG, h.-r'ts.')G. Ei>i .vrd (1841 — ). First bishop (if the Old-Catholic Church of Switzer- land. He was born at Schongau. Switzerlaml, August 1. 1841. He studieil theologv- at Tiihin- gen and Freiburg: was ordained priest in the Roman Catholic Church. 1S07. and was professor of exegesis in the (heulogical scniinarv at Lucerne ( 1808-72). He joined the Old Catholic (Piganiza- tion (1872), and was j.astor of Old Catholic churches at Krefeld. Germany (1873). and at Olten, Switzerland ( 1874), and professor of New Testament exegesis in the Old Catholic faculty at the University of Bern. He was called to be bishop by the national synod in 1876. He has written many polemical and controversial ar- ticles. HERZOG, Eexst von (1834—). A German classical philologist, born at Esslingen. He was appointed a professor in the University of Tiibin- gen in 1807. His publications relate chiefly to the constitutional history of .Athens and Rome. The most important among them are: Oulliw arbonensis //isforin (Leipzig. 1864) : fleschichte und fyystem dcr romisehvn f^taatsierfassung (ib., 1884-01): Zur Veriialtunfisficschichte dcs at- tischen Ktaats (Tiibingen. 1807). HERZOG, IIan.si (1810-04). A Swiss general, born at Aarau. and educated there. His enforced military service in 1830 interested him in the art of war; he volunteered in the Wiirttemhcrg artillery in 1840: and in ISOO was appointed )iy (he Federal Council chief of the Swiss artillery. He introduced new arms for both infantry aiul artillery. At the beginning of the Franco-Pnis- feian War he was put in command of nc:irly fortv thousand men to guard the Swiss frontier, and vigorously opposed the disbanding of more than half this force in August. 1870. At the begin- ning of 1871 he commanded at the French frr>n- tier, and entered into a convention with General Clinchant at Verri&res by which Bourhaki's army was .allowed to cross into Swiss territory on laying down its arms. His experiences of this year made him more eager than ever in his at- tempts to better the comlition nf the arniv in his old post of chief of artillery. He died at Aarau. Consult Bluntschli, Karl Johann Herzog (Zurich, 1895).
