HESPEBORNIS. Wliothcr it boro qiiillfeathprs in pairs, as did the long tail of Arfluropti-ryx. is not kiiown. The legs and feet resemble those of a grebe on a large scale, and it is fair to suppose that they were externally lobed in a similar way. The featherg on the legs, at least, as is known from impressions in the rocks, were soft and rather scanty. Hesperornis survived for a long period, during which the interior of North Ameriia was a shal- low sea, stretching from the Alleghaiiics to the Koekv Mountains. Iirokcn iv little except the isl- and "summits of the Ozark Hills. Professor Marsh says that apparently there was an absence of enemies in the air to be feared by this great diver, since it was more than a match for the huge but toothless pterodactyls, which hovered over the waters in great numbers. Tlie warm sea teemed with fishes and other food; but it also teemed with great swimming lizards ( mososaurs) , turtles a dozen feet in longtli. and large pre- daceous fishes. As the gradual rise of the land toward the close of the Cretaceous epoch more and more indo.seil the sea and modified condi- tions, the struggle for life became too hard for many of its denizens, and Hesperornis was among those which early sucoimbed. With it disa|>pearcd ioreer a ])rimitive type of bird life, for this branch of the avine stock seens to have lerminated without leaving any dcNccndants. BlBl.lonu.M'llv. The fullest descriptions and illustrations of Hesperornis are contained in Marsh. Otlontnriiithr.i: A ilmimjraph of the Ex- linct Toothed Hirds of Xorth America (Washing- ton, 1880). Consult, also: Cope, Cretaceous ritrbrates of the ^Yest (Washington, 1877); Williston, various ])a])ers in the Annual Reports of the Univcrsit;/ lleolof/ieal Surrey of Kansas (Lawrence) ; I^ucas, Animals of the Past (New York, HiOl) ; Newton. Dictionarii of Birds (New York. IS'JO). See Biro, Fossil; and Icuthy- OKNIS. HES'PERUS (Lat., from Gk. "E<nrtpot). The name given l)y llie Oreeks to the evening star Venus. He is the son of Astrietis, or Cephalos, and Eos. and the father of the Hesperides. As the morning star he is called Phosphorus (Lucifer). HESPEBTJS. A surname given to the Green Kniglit. Sir P.rtiilopc. in the legend of King Artiiur. With his three brothers he guarded the approaches of Castle Perilous. In Tenny.son's Idylls of the Kiuij be is <alled fhe 'Evening Star,' but his famous combat takes place at dawTi. HESS, HElNRlcir, Freiherr von (1788-1870). An Austrian eeneral. born in Vienna. He entered the army in ISO.!, distinguished himself at Wa- grani. and served in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. In 181.") he was employed in the War Department, but soon retiirned to active service, and in 1821 was in the army of occupation in Piedmont. Transferred to the General StaflT in 183], he served in Lombardy, where he greatly improved the organization of the army. Hess was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general in 1834. and to be field-marshal-lieutenant in 1842. In 1840 his ability as quartermaster-general was recncfnized by Radetzky. as cnnfributiiifr Inrcely to the sueeess of the campaiyrn in Italv. During operntinns in the East ( 18.t4-,'j.'3) . lless com- nianded the observation corps in Galicia and Transylvania. In 18.")0 he was sent to Italy. 32 HESS. and was involved in the Emperor's defeat at Solferino, but for his part in the truce of Vil- lafranea was made lield-inarshal. Two year* afterwards he was named a member of tlie House of Lords for life. HESS, llKi.NKKii vo:« (1798-1803). A Ger- man painter, born at DUsseldorf. He studied with his father, Karl Ernst Christoph lies.-, (1755-1828), an engraver, born at Darmstadt. He attracted attention at an early age, and was sent to Italy in 1821 to complete his studies. In 1828 be was made professor at the Munich Acad- emy, and in 184<.l director of all the galleries in the city. The frescoes in the Basilica of .Saint Boniface, twenty-two scenes from the life of that saint, in the execution of which be was assisted by Koch and Schraudolph. and those in the (Miurch of All Saints (both in Munich), are probably his best works. He also produced other notable frescoes and many cartoons for windows. His oil paintings inchide; "Saint Luke," "Christinas Eve," and "Eaith, Hope, and Charity." One of his best portraits is that of Thorwaldsen. HESS, JoHAXX (14001547). A German preaclier of the Reformation, born at Nuremberg, and educated at Leipzig and Witt<>nberg. He re- turned to Wittenberg (L520), after acting as secretary to the Bishop of Breslau and traveling in Italy, where he came under the influence of the humanists. Strongly inlluenciM! by Luther and .Mclanililbon. be went back to lircslau, and did mudi fur the spread of the Reformation tlicrc. Consult Kiistlin, ".Jobann Hess, der Breslauer Refoniiator," in the Zeitschrift des Vercins fiir Ueschichle und Allertum Schlesiens, vols, vi., xii. (Breslau, 1893-99). HESS, hes'se, .JonANX .lAKon (1741-1828). A Swiss theologian, born at Zurich, where he became deacon (1777) and (1795) superintendent of the churches in the canton. He wrote origi- nal studies on the life of Christ: (lesrhiehte der drci letzlen Lehensjahrc Jesu (17fiS-73); Jugcndyesehichte Jesu (1773); and, including these, Jjcbensfjeschichte Jesu (8th cd. 1822-23). Consult: Escher, Johann Jakiih lless (Zurich. 1837), and Zimmennann, Die '/jiircher Kirche ron der Reformation bis ziim drittcn lieformations- juhiliiuni (Zurich, 1877-78). HESS, Kahl Adolf (17C9-1849). A German animal painter and etcher, born in Dresden. lie was a pupil of Kloss, traveled in Hungary, Rus- sia, and Turkey, and afterwards became professor at the Vienna Academy. He is noted for his idctures of horses, and his drawings and sketches of those subjects are also prized. HESS, Peteu von (1792-1871). A German battle painter, born at Diisseldorf. He was the son of Karl Ernst Christoph von lless. the en- graver, and the brother of Ileinrich von lless. He studied under his father, and then in the Miniieh Academy, and was with the Ger- man Army in the campaign of 1813-15. His first large picture was the "Battle of Arcissur- Aube" (1817). Afterwards he was appointed painter to the Bavarian Court. In 1839 he went to Russia, and painted two pictures from scenes in the War of 1812 for the Etiiperor Nicluilas. His other works include some genre pictures; a series of oil sketches for the Munich 'Hofgarten.' repre- senting Greek stories: "The Entrance of King Otho into Nauplia;" "Saint Leonard's Festival
