HYMN TUNES. 401 HYPATIA. veloped the structural side of the music. After iiim the decline was rapid. In France Clement ilarot (died 1544) and Theodore Beza (died 1GU5) wrote metrical psalms which were set to popular music. Goudi- niel (lo05-72), the earliest national composer, wrote many hymn tunes, but their difficulty ren- dered negative their excellence, and they were supplanted by the simpler arrangements of Claudin le Jeune (died IGOO). Of the later French hymn-writers the most important was Cesar Jlalan. of Geneva (1787-1864), who com- posed melodies to his own words. In England the history of hymn tunes follows much the same line as on the Continent. There were no hymns proper imtil the eighteenth century; before that time Tallis (died 1585), Byrd (died 1023), Par- sons (died 1570), etc., set psalms to revised forms of old Continental tunes, and in 1621 "the Whole BooUe of Psalmes" was published. The music of this edition was arranged largely by Thomas Ravenscroft, the tunes having been set by Bennet. ilorley, Tallis, etc. With Orlando Gibbons (1583-1025) the pol^vphonic school in England came to an end. and the later composi- tions of Carey (died 1743), Wainwright (1792- 1854), and tlicir successors were poor in com- parison. The reforms of the Commonwealth did nothing for Church music, and it was not until Purcell (1058-95), the greatest native English composer, that a lighter, more varied note was introduced into hymn tunes. The hymns of Watts (1674-1748) marked the beginning of the popular epoch, and those of Charles Wesley ( 1757-1834) its high-water mark. In recent years choral music and hymn tunes have drawn, more closely together, to the immeasurable ad- vantage of the latter. In England especiallv. Dykes (1823-70), Barnby (1838-90), Stainer (1840 — ■ ), and others have all written excellent music. At the same time, however, many hymns have been written in England and the United States whose music depends wholly for its suc- cess on its catchy character. Jlost representative of this class are the hymns of Moody and Sankey. For a more detailed account of hynm tunes, con- sult: Dickinson, Music in the Bistort/ of the Westerti Church (Xew York, 1902), which con- tains an cxliaustive bibliograpliy of the subject; Mees, Choirs and Choral ilusic (Xew York, 1901 ) : also Butterworth, Slory of the Tunes (Xew York. 1890) ; Love, Scottish Church Music (London, 1891); Ciinven, Studies in Worship Music (London, 1894) ; Cowan and Love, Music of the Church, Bi/mnari/ and Psalter in Metre, Its Sourrr.i and Composers (London, 1901). HYNDTVIAN, Henby >Lyebs (1842—). An English journalist and socialist leader, bom in London. He graduated at Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and began to study law in 1803, but three years later, as correspondent for the Pall Mall Gazette, went to the war in progress between Austria and Italy, where he became the friend of Mazzini. Garibaldi, and other patriots. Between 1809 and 1871 he traveled in Australia. Xew Zealand, and Polynesia, and while in Melbourne wrote articles for the Argus in the cause of free education. He founded the Social Democratic Federation in 1881. and from that time was a conspicuous reform agitator. He was chairman at the International Socialist Congress held in London in 18!10, and assisted at the formation of the new 'International' at Paris in 1900. He was an Irish land-leaguer and a pro-Boer during the second Boer War. From 1874 he used his pen dili- gently in the socialistic cause. His books include: A Commune for /jondon (1888); Commercial Crisis of the Nineteenth, Century (1892); and Economics of Socialism (1890). HY'OID BONE (from Gk. io€iS-fis, hyoeidfs, shaped like the Greek letter upsilon, from S, y, upsilon -f- eiSos, eidos, shape). The tongue-bone, or V-shaped bone. It is sometimes spoken of as unimportant in man, compared with the so-called hyoid bone in many of the lower animals, in which, on account of its being a support for bronchial apparatus, it is often developed to a great size. But its importance is no less in man, because of its connection with many muscles; the perfection of its form and its exact location at the base of the tongue being a considerable ele- ment in the apparatus for the formation of articulate and musical sounds. HYOLITHES, hf-oll-th^z (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. 5, y, upsilon + Wft)s, lithos, stone). An important and common fossil of the Cambrian rocks, and found also, though less commonly, in the higher rocks up to and including those of the Permian system. The shells of this mollusk are slender, conical tubes, often cur-ed, and with triangular or flattened cross-sections. Some are provided with a lid to close the aperture. The old genus Hyolithes has been elevated to a fam- ily rank, and the numerous species have been distributed among several new genera. The hyo- lithids are very common in many of the lower Cambrian rocks, and they are indeed among the very oldest fossils known. They have been classed as pteropods, and more recently as worm- tubes, with the probabilities in favor of the latter relation. Some authors have also considered the hyolithids to represent quite nearly the most primitive form of gastropod. Consult: N'ovak, "Revision der Palaeozoischen Hyolithiden B<ih- mens." in Abhandlungen der Bohmischen Gesell- schaft der Wissenschaften, .series 7. vol. iv. (Prague, 1891): Holm, "Sveriges Kambrisk- Siluriska Hyolithidae och Conulariid;p," in Af- handliqar Sveriqes Geologiska Cndersoknint), series C, Xo. 112 (Stockholm, 1893) : Walcott, "Fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone." in Annual Report of the United States Geological Surt:ey, vol. x. (Washington, 1893) ; Matthew. "Illustrations of the Fauna of the Saint John Group," in Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vols. i. to v. (Montreal, 1883- 91). HY'OSCY'AMUS. See HE^•BANE; Bella- do .x a. HYPATIA, hipa'shI-4 (Lat.from Gk .'Tn-an'o). DaiiL'btcr of Theon, an astronomer and mathe- matician of Alexandria and head of (he Xeo- Platoiiic school in that city, early in the fifth century. She is famed alike for her beauty, her purity, her wisdom, and her tragic fate. Her father gave her the best training the philosophy of the time could furnisli. and she succeeded him as lecturer at Alexandria : her fame drew stu- dents from all parts of the East, where the in- fluence of Greek thought and knowledge was felt. The citizens of -Alexandria were proud of her, and such reliance was pl.aced upon her judgment and sagacity that the magistrates used to consult her on important cases, .mong those who were most intimate with her was Orestes, prefect of
