ESSSE. 35 HESSE-CASSEL. Frederick, became the founder of the Hcsse- Homburg Hue. Louis V. ac(iuired a portion of Upper Hesse, and is noted as the founder of tlie University of Gicssen (1607). His son, George II. (102li-61), and grandson. Louis V'l. (IGUl- 78) did much to promote learning and the arts. Under Ernest Louis (ltJ78-1739) the country was laid waste by the French armies. The finances became disorijanized. and Louis VIII., who succeeded and ruled until 1768, did little to mend them. Louis IX. (176800) was a wise and able ruler, a patron of art and letters. As a result of the I'rench Revolutionary wars, under Louis X. (1790-1830). Hesse-Darmstadt changed its boundaries materially, on the whole to its gain. Louis X. joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 180(5, and assumed the title of Grand Duke as such ( Louis I. ) . At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) he was obliged to make large cessions of territory to Prussia and Bavaria, re- ceiving, however, by way of indemnification, a large district on the Rhine, including the towns of Worms and Mainz, in right of which he as- sumed the traditional title of Rhenish Grand Duke. At this time Hesse-Darmstadt became a member of the German Confederation. In 1820 Louis promulgated a constitution establish- ing a parliamentary form of government. He instituted various reforms and joined the ZoU- verein (q.v. ) in 1828. The reactionary policy of Louis II. (1830-48) evoked a strong opposi- tion in the Landtag, but the Grand Duke finally succeeded in subordinating the Chambers to his will. The Februarv- Revolution of 1848 in France, however, lent renewed strength to the Liberal Party. In answer to the popular de- mand for constitutional reform, the heir to the throne was named co-regent with the King; Gagern, the great leader and apostle of Ger- man unity, was made Minister of the Interior: and a far-rcac hing programme of reform adopted, many features of which were carried out only to be abroiratcd in the reaction which followed the revolutionary- wave of 1848-49. Louis III. succeeded his father in 1848. His chief adviser, Dahvigk. was a bitter enemy of Prussia, and in 1866 Hesse-Daniistadt sided with Austria against the former. The Grand Duke made a vain appeal to Xapolcon III., of whom he was a personal friend, for assistance. The Hessians were de- feated at Laufach. .Tuly 13th. and Prussian troops occupied the grand duchy. The Grand Duke was forced to cede some territory, including the recently acqiiirwl Hesse-Homburg, to pay a heavy war indemnit.T. to receive a garrison in Mainz, and to enter into an ofTensive and defensive alliance with Prussia. The Hessian troops played a conspicuous part in the war against France, and Hesse-Darmstadt became a part of the new- German Empire. Louis IV. (1877-92) did much to restore the finances and increase the prosper- ity of the duchy. He was succeeded by his son, Ernest Louis. BinLiocR.PHY. Tiirekheira, Histoire p^falo- pique dc la maixon dc Hesse (Strassburg. 1819- 201: Rommel, flexchirhte rnn Ifessen (10 vols., Gotha, 1820-.56) : Ewald. llistnrische T'ehrrsicht der Terntnnnlicriindoriinricn dtr Landiirafschaft Hessen vnd des Grossher^optums Ucssrii (Darm- stadt. 1872) : Hossler. Gesehirhtc ron ffcxxen (Cassel. 1891) : Kiichler, Verfassunps- und Ver- waJtunpsrrrht dcs Orossher:ophims Ressen (Darmstadt, 1894-96) ; Kuenzel. Das Grossher- zogtuni Ucssin (Giessen, 1893) ; Zeller, Band- buck der i'erfassuitg und cncaltung im Gross- herzoijlum Uv.snen (Darmstadt. 1885-93); Sybel, Begrundung des deutschen lieichs (Munich, 1889- 94; trans., New York, 1890-92). Sec Gebmant. HESSE, hes'se, Adoli'H Friedbich (1809-63). A German organist and musical composer, bom at Breslau. He displayed such marked ability while studying piano, organ, and composition there, that the city fathers gave him financial assistance to continue his musical education at Weimar, where he was a pupil of Hummel, and also came under the intluence of Rinck and Spohr. For the last thirty-two years of his life he was organist of Saint Bernard's Church, Breslau, di- rected the symphony concerts of the town, and made occasional professional tours to Paris. Lon- don, and elsewhere. Of his large variety of com- positions, the most important are for the organ, and a complete edition of them was edited by Dr. Steggall. HESSE, es, Alexaxdbe (1806-79). A French historical painter, born in Paris. He was the pupil of his uncle, Auguste Hesse (1795-1869), an historical and religious painter of some note. He succeeded Ingres in the Institute (1867). His pictures are Venetian in coloring, and well com- posed. One of the more notable works is "Pi- sani's Triumph" (1847), in the Luxembourg. HESSE, hes'se. Otto (1811-74). A German mathematician. He was born in Kiinigsberg, and studied and taught there from 1840 to 1856. After that he held professorships of mathematics, succes- sively, at Halle, Heidelberg, and in the Polytech- nic School at Munich. He was a disciple of .Jacobi, and contributed chiefly to geometry and the the- ory of determinants. His important mathemat- ical works include: VorJcstiiipen iibcr die analy- tische Geometrie des Ratimes (1861; 3d ed. 1876) : Vorlcsungen aus der aiialptisehen Geome- trie der peraden Linie. des Punktes und des Kreises (1865; 3d ed. 1881); Vier Vorlesunpen aus der analptischen Geometrie (1866; completed in 1874) : Die Delerniinanten, elementar behan- delt (1871); Die rier Speeies (1872). A list cf his memoirs may be found in the Calalopue of Seientifie Papers of the Romd Society of Lon- don, vols. iii. and vii. The name of Hesse is connected vriih an important determinant form known as the Hessian, or Hessian covariant. which is of great value in the study of curved lines and surf.aces. (See DETERjtiN'ANTS.) An edition of his works was published by the Ba- varian .Academy of Sciences (Miinohen, 1897). Consult Koether. "Otto Hesse," in the Zeitsebrifl fiir Maihematik und Pht/sik, voL xx. (Leipzig, 1875). HESSE-CASSEL, or Et.ectoral Hesse (Ger. nessrn-Kn.i>:el. hes'scn kii'srl). A former land- graviate. later electorate, of Germany, forming at present the District of Cassel in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Xassau. History. The House of Hesse-Cassel, repre- senting the elder line of the House of Hesse, was founded by William IV.. the Wise, the eldest of the four sons of Philip the Magnanimous (1.109- 67). (See Hesse.) William, who ruled as Landgrave from 15t'>7 to 1502. was a good ad- ministrator, and left a well-consolidated little principality to his son Maurice, who resisned the government in 1627 to his son. William v., and died in retirement five years later.
