260,000 men into the field. In peace, its prosperous development continued. In 1865 Chicago had become the leading stock market of the world, and a great grain centre. Legislation between 1865 and 1885 was largely concerned with corporations, and especially with the railroad companies. The Constitution of 1870, replacing the one adopted in 1849, forbade the creation of corporations by special law. A State board of railroad commissioners was created to protect the interests of the State against the railway companies, and the Legislature frequently attempted to fix a maximum for transportation, and to prevent discrimination in rates. Between 1872 and 1875 the farmers of Illinois participated in the widespread Granger movement of the time. (See Grange.) On October 8-10, 1871, a fire laid waste a large part of Chicago and rendered 100,000 people homeless. The loss to the city was estimated at nearly $300,000,000. The action of the Mayor in calling in the Federal troops to preserve order during the excitement following the calamity occasioned a bitter dispute between that official and the Governor of the State, who showed himself jealous for the honor of the civil authority. A general feeling of unrest found expression in 1885 and 1886 in bitter strikes and bloody riots; in Chicago an Anarchist crowd attacked the police with pistols and dynamite. In 1893 the Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago. In 1894 a strike of the employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company developed into a general strike of railway men. Traffic in Illinois was almost suspended, and in June lawlessness broke out. Interference with the United States mails led to the intervention of the Federal Government. Chicago was occupied by the Federal troops; the leaders of the strikers were arrested on civil process, and sentenced to short terms of imprisonment for contempt of court. The backbone of the strike was thus broken. In national politics Illinois was Democratic before 1860. In that year it cast its vote for Lincoln, and since that time it has been consistently Republican with the exception of the year 1892, when it voted for Grover Cleveland. In State politics the year 1857 is the line of demarcation between Democratic and Republican ascendency.
The Governors of the State have been as follows:
| TERRITORIAL | ||
| Ninian Edwards | 1809-1818 | |
| STATE | ||
| Shadrach Bond | Democrat | 1818-1822 |
| Edward Coles | “ | 1822-1826 |
| Ninian Edwards | “ | 1826-1830 |
| John Reynolds | “ | 1830-1834 |
| Joseph Duncan | “ | 1834-1838 |
| Thomas Carlin | “ | 1838-1842 |
| Thomas Ford | “ | 1842-1846 |
| Augustus C. French | “ | 1846-1853 |
| Joel A. Matteson | “ | 1853-1857 |
| William H. Bissell | Republican | 1857-1860 |
| John Wood | “ | 1860-1861 |
| Richard Yates | “ | 1861-1865 |
| Richard J. Oglesby | “ | 1865-1869 |
| John M. Palmer | “ | 1869-1873 |
| Richard J. Oglesby | “ | 1873 |
| John L. Beveridge | “ | 1873-1877 |
| Shelby M. Cullom | “ | 1877-1883 |
| John M. Hamilton | “ | 1883-1885 |
| Richard J. Oglesby | “ | 1885-1889 |
| Joseph W. Fifer | “ | 1889-1893 |
| John Peter Altgeld | Democrat | 1893-1897 |
| John Riley Tanner | Republican | 1897-1901 |
| Richard Yates | “ | 1901— |
Bibliography. Breese, Early History of Illinois (Chicago, 1884); Davidson and Stuné, Complete History of Illinois from 1673-1873 (Springfield, 1874); Wallace, History of Illinois and Louisiana Under French Rule (Cincinnati, 1893); Moses, Illinois, Historical and Statistical (Chicago, 1893); Judson, The Government of Illinois (New York, 1900); Mason, Chapters of Illinois History (Chicago, 1900); Bateman and Selby, Historical Encyclopædia of Illinois (Chicago, 1900).
ILLINOIS, University of. The State University of Illinois, occupying a site of 600 acres, between the cities of Urbana and Champaign. It was chartered in 1867 as the Illinois Industrial University, and assumed its present name in 1885. In 1870 women were admitted as students, and now form about one-sixth of the whole attendance. The university is divided into six colleges: Literature and arts, science, engineering, agriculture, law, and medicine, including schools of library and science, art and design, music, military science, and pedagogy, and preparatory and graduate departments. The State laboratory of natural history and the United States agricultural experiment station for Illinois are departments of the university, but have separate financial support. The schools of pharmacy, medicine, and dentistry are situated in Chicago. The university owns valuable collections in zoölogy, geology, and other departments, an art gallery, and an excellent collection of historical portraits. The library contains about 60,000 volumes, exclusive of special departmental libraries. The university holds a summer session of nine weeks designed primarily for teachers. It maintains close relations with the high schools of the State through a careful system of inspection and accrediting. It has developed rapidly, and is constantly engaged in scientific investigations bearing upon the interests of the State. In 1902 it had 21 buildings, 300 instructors, and over 3200 students, of whom about 1000 were in attendance at the undergraduate college. At the same time its endowment amounted to $645,000, its buildings and grounds were valued at $1,175,000, and its annual income, mainly derived from legislative appropriations, was $780,000.
ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL. See Canal.
ILLINOIS COLLEGE. The oldest collegiate institution of Illinois, founded in 1829 at Jacksonville, Ill., in part through the efforts of the Eastern organization known as the ‘Yale Band.’ The curriculum is arranged on the group system, with elective courses after the freshman year, and leads to the bachelor's and master's degrees. The college had, in 1902, 65 collegiate and 42 preparatory students and 18 instructors. At the same time the value of its grounds and buildings was $150,000, and its endowment $155,000. The college library contains about 11,000 volumes, supplemented by about 4000 volumes in the libraries of the literary societies.
ILLINOIS RIVER. An important tributary of the Mississippi. traversing the State of Illi- nois (Map: Illinois, C 3). It is formed by the junction of the Des Plaines and the Kankakee, 45 miles southwest of Chicago. It flows generally southwest, joining the Mississippi near the mouth of the Missouri. Its length is 500 miles, and it is broad and deep, and navigable for steamers 250 miles to La Salle, whence a ship-
