ing it. In the numerous small States the Imperial jurisdiction is usually much more extensive, and many of them are administered by a British officer in the name of the chieftain. The British at times have exercised absolute rule even in some of the larger States. Their rule in Mysore had extended over half a century when (1881) it was restored to native rule. Some of the States pay a tribute to the British, but it is always small, and usually by way of compensation for special services. The policy of allowing native States to exist alongside of British provinces has its advantages and disadvantages. Eminent Indian officials hold that as far as British interests are concerned it would be better to annex a number of the leading States. The fact that this is not done is assumed to be an evidence of the unselfish motives of the Imperial policy. The proximity of the native States causes such inconveniences as rise out of the different prevailing systems of currency, limitations in the development of the Imperial irrigation system, and violations of the regulations concerning the growing of the poppy. It also tends to render certain laws inoperative—as, for instance, those against infanticide.
In order to facilitate the relations with the native States, to watch over the course of affairs within their territories, and be in a position to exert a needful influence, the British appoint political agents to the various States. With rare exceptions, the agent resides within the territory to which he is accredited. The agents to the principal States are under the immediate jurisdiction of the Imperial Government. The general condition of affairs in the native States compares unfavorably with that prevailing in regions under British administration. The British claim that the burden of taxation upon the masses falls heavier in the States than in the provinces. At the same time the public is benefited much less, for the expenditure is largely for the unnecessary wants of the ruler and his coterie of adherents, while roads, irrigation, schools, and other public needs are sadly neglected. Freedom of the press is not tolerated. It is claimed that communities which have been transferred from native to provincial administration have invariably protested against being transferred back under a native administration. Laws are made or revoked as it suits the whim of the ruler. Mysore, the most progressive of the States, has a so-called ‘representative assembly,’ but its members have no vote in making the laws or appropriations. Rural boards have also been established in this State, but they have no money at their disposal. Consult the authorities referred to under India, paragraphs History and Government; and for a more detailed statement concerning the different States, see the articles under their respective titles.
Bibliography. Rousselet, India and Its Native Princes (London, 1896); Ghose, The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, and Zamindars (London, 1883); Tupper, Our Indian Protectorate (London, 1893); Griffith, India's Princes (London, 1894); Chakrabarti, The Native States of India (Calcutta, 1895); Mehta, The Hind Rajasthan (Calcutta, 1896).
INDIA, Portuguese. Possessions of Portugal in India, comprising Goa, Daman, and Diu. (See these respective titles.) Area, 1558 square miles. Population, in 1881, 420,868; in 1894, 494,836. For history, see under India; East India Company; Dias; Gama; Almeida; and Castro.
INDIA INK. A black pigment, formed by mixing lampblack and gum into a paste and then pressing it into molds where it dries into sticks of various shapes. It was originally made in China and Japan, and the best grades are still produced in those countries, the common lampblack of Occidental countries being too coarse for many purposes. It is said that the Chinese collect the lampblack used in its manufacture from the oil of sesame. In China India ink is applied with a brush, both for writing and painting. In Europe and America it is chiefly used for black-and-white drawings, it being possible to regulate the depth of the shade by the amount of water used in mixing the ink. India ink is the only true black ink produced, all other grades having a tinge of some other hue.
INDIA MUSEUM. A collection in London, illustrating the antiquities, history, and resources of India. In 1880 it was placed under the management of the South Kensington Museum, and has been much enlarged.
INDIANA. ‘The Hoosier State.’ One of the North Central States of the American Union; bounded on the north by Lake Michigan and the State of Michigan, on the east by Ohio, on the south by the Ohio River, separating it from Kentucky, and on the west by Illinois. It lies between latitudes 37° 47′ and 41° 50′ N. and longitudes 84° 49′ and 88° 2′ W. The extreme length is 277 miles; greatest breadth, 145 miles; area, 36,350 square miles, of which 440 square miles are water.
Topography. Indiana resembles Illinois in its physical features. Lying within the prairie region, it has a gently undulating surface which slopes by imperceptible stages toward the southwest, The northeastern part has an elevation of 1000 to 1200 feet, the northwestern 500 to 700 feet; along the Ohio River the elevations are about 500 feet in the southeast and 300 feet in the southwest. There are sandy hills near Lake Michigan, and a series of low elevations of glacial origin occurs in the southern part, extending from the Ohio, in Clark County, northwestward to Parke County on the Wabash. A portion of northern Indiana is drained into the Mississippi through the Kankakee and Illinois, into Lake Michigan through the Calumet and Saint Joseph, and into Lake Erie through the Maumee, but most of the streams have a southerly or southwesterly course into the Ohio and Wabash. The last-named rises in western Ohio, and crossing northern Indiana it is joined by the Salamonia, Mississinewa, Wild Cat, Eel, and Tippecanoe. Near the western border the Wabash receives the Vermilion from Illinois, while its most important tributary, White River, joins it 50 miles above the confluence with the Ohio. The southern border is drained directly into the Ohio through the White Water, Blue, Little Pigeon, and other short streams. There are several small lakes in northern Indiana, the largest being English Lake on the headwaters of the Kankakee.
Climate and Soil. The mean annual temperature for the State is about 52° F., ranging from 48° in the northern to 50° in the southern counties. Cold northerly winds lower the winter temperatures to an extreme of −25°. At Indianapolis the thermometer shows an average
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