INTERNATIONAL LAW. 708 INTERNATIONAL TRADE. I'lable to seizure and coiKK'iiination for violation of blockade or .siege." (The Peterliolf, I8(J0, 5 Wall. 28.) See Co.ntk.viia.ni) or Wab. A neutral may not trade with a blockaded port. The penalty for violation is the confiscation of the ship, which, if it escapes, continues lialile to the end of the return voyage. 'I lie car^'o will nut be condemned if it helonfjs to |)ersons other than owners of the ship unless such owners had actual or constructive knowledge of the blockade. See Blockade. If belligerents may capture ships engaged in contraband trade and idockaderunning. they must have the right to visit and search sus- ])ected merchantmen. This is, however, purely a belligerent right and neutrals must submit. Re- sistance to inspect i(in or joining a convoy to escape visitation subjects the oirending vessel to capture. Unrecognized insurgents are technically speak- ing pirates, but if they confine their actions to the mother country, international law of the present day would not treat them as pirates. The animus furandi is lacking. See Piuacy. Kor the history of intermit ional law. see Wliea- ton, Hislor;/ of the Lnir i>f iilions (New York, 1845) ; HoltzcndorlV, lliiiiilliiirh rfr.t ]'ollxcrr<clits (Leipzig. IS.Slt; French trans. 1888); Walker, llistnni of the l.'iir of iilioiix (London, 1800). The best Knglish treatise is lliiU'x I iilcni(ilioiiii1 iMtc (London. 180.5). See also Wheaton. Ele- ments of Intrrniilional IjOir (8th ed.. Dana edi- tor, Boston. 18(i(i), a classic; llalleck, Intcnin- tionol Laic (3d cd.. Baker cd.. New York. 1803) ; Woolsey. hitcrnotiontil Lair ((!tli ed.. New York, 1801); Kent's Commentaries ( 14th cd., vol. i., pp. 1-200, Boston. I80(')), are excellent manuals. More comprehensive works arc: I'hillimorc. Com- incntaries on International Lair (3d ed.. Lonih)n, 1879-1880) ; Twiss, The Lair of Nations ( London, 1861), preferably in the French translation (Paris, 1887-1880). The best short work in French is BonfiTs Manuel <le droit international public (3ded.. Kanchille ed.. Paris, 1001) ; Calvo, Droit international (Mh ed.. Paris. 180(i). the best comprehensive French treatise; Hivier. I'rin- cipes du droit des (lens (Paris. 180()). The classic (Jerman work is HetTlcr, Das Eiiropiiisrlie ^^)l■ kerreelit der (loiienirart (Sth ed.. (Jeirken ed.. Leipzig. 1888). The best short treatises are Rivier, Lehrhurh des Viilkerreehts (2d ed.. Leip- zig. 1800). and Liszt, Das Volkerrecht (2d ed., Leipzig, 1902). The most comprehensive and authoritative work in German is HoltzendorfT, Handhiieh des Vollcerrrchts. mentioned above. INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONFER- ENCE. . cniifercnie of one hunilrcd ami one delegates representing twenty-six countries of the world, held at The Hague from May 18 to .July 29. 1800. It was convened in pursuance of an invitation addressed by the Czar of Russia to the governments of the principal civilized States of the world with a view to concerted action with re- gard to certain internatiimal questions of peace and war. and with a view of seciring. if possible, a gradual reduction of the military' and naval armaments of the States represented. See Hague PeaCK t'O.NFEBENCE. INTERNATIONAL PRISON CONGRESS. The first prison conference was held in 181."> at Frankfort, followed by a second in 1857. These were largely attended by Europeans. After this, local associations were formed, but no international convention held. Count Sollen- hub, of Russia, suggested to Or. IC. C. Wines, Secretary of the New York Stale Board of Chari- ties, that the board call a congress. This was not deemed advisable, but shortly thereafter (1870) the fir>.t .mcricau pris(m congress was belli, and Pn'sidenI (Iraiit was inllueneed to ap- jKiint Dr. Wines commissioner to arrange an international conference. The congress met in London in 1872. Me<-tings are now held at in- tervals of five years, the last having been at Brus- sels in 1000. The progranuues are arranged by a ])ernianent conunittee, the International Peniten- tiary Commission. Papers by experts are printed in advance, and form the bases of the discussions. French is the language of the meetings and of the reports and bulletins. The report of the London congress is in Knglish. The congresses have been held in various capitals, and have been jiroductive of great good. Consult Uulletins and Jif ports of the Congress. INTERNATIONAL TRADE. Trade between li:ition> oi- between di--t:int regions has l)een a fruitful source of discussion among economic writers, and a subject which has often engrossed gr)VcrnnieMtal attention to the exclusion of inter- nal ((imriierce, though it is a f;imiliar fact that in modern times inti'rnal coniincrec is far more important to the welfare of the State. This ap- parently undu<' prominence in discussion and legislation was due not only to the fact that inter- national trade caught the eye of the observer, while domestic trade withdrew itself from obser- vation, but also to the fact that in early economic life foreign trade, as compared with home trade, was far more significant than it is in modern times. This greater relative importance of interna- tional trade in its historical lieginnings was due to tile slight division of labor in the older eco- nomic order, and to the relatively small areas of States. The soil of the neighborhood produced what was necessary for the simple wants of the inhabitants. Towns were rare and small, and artisans few in number. Most of the inhabitants were agriculturists, whose most pressing needs for maniifuctuiiog products were satisfied by the produce of the household. In short, the satisfac- tion of daily wants did not give rise to a 'home trade' such as characterizes modern industrial so- ciety. To the uniformity of economic organiza- tion must he added the dilficulty of internal com- munication as an obstacle to the development of any considerable inter<hange of commodities. Navigable rivers furnished the only means of internal transportation which were not attended with prohibitive costs. Only those nations with a favoral)le seacoast could <levelop any considerable conunerce, and. with it, that diversification of in- dustrial pursuits upon which domestic trade rests. We may, therefore, say that foreign trade preceded domestic trade. If we except the period of the Roman Empire, when such trade as existed became internal trade, because the known world became, as it were, one nation, the division of sovereignty be- fore modern times was so great that most trade was foreign rather than domestic. When petty principalities or provinces of the same realm enjoyed their own customs regiilations. much trade was 'foreign' which in modern times would be domestic.
