Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/832

industry is rapidly developing, the total number of trees for all fruits having more than doubled during the decade 1890-1900. Over 71 per cent. of the total are apple-trees. Grapes and small fruits are successfully grown.

Stock-Raising. Stock-raising is naturally associated with the raising of corn, oats, and forage crops. Compared with other States, stock-raising holds a still higher rank than the raising of crops. Texas alone rivals Iowa in the value of live stock, and is the only State which exceeds it in the number of cattle. Iowa is far in advance of all others in the number of swine, and leads also in the number of horses. A very low rank, however, is taken in the number of mules and sheep. The number of neat cattle, horses, and swine has increased for every decade between 1850 and 1900. The decrease in the number of dairy cows, as shown by the census for the decade 1890-1900, is probably due to the change in the method of making the count, and is therefore more apparent than real. Much attention is given to the improvement of the breed of stock, and the effect of this is shown in the high average of the per head value. The number of dairy cows being exceeded only in New York, the value of the dairy product is naturally great. $18,819,000 being realized from the sales of these products for the year 1899, of which amount $12,275,000 represented the receipts from milk. The value of poultry and eggs was even greater, being $19,508,000. The following tables show the number of acres devoted to the leading crops and the number of domestic animals for the census years 1890 and 1900:

YEAR	Corn, acres	Oats, acres	Wheat, acres	Barley, acres	Flax, acres	Hay and forage, (acres)	Potatoes,  acres
1900	9,804,076	4,695,391	1,689,705	627,851	126,453	4,644,378	175,888
1890	7,585,522	3,752,141	585,548	518,729	230,085	5,490,027	?

YEAR	Dairy cows	Other neat  cattle	Horses	Mules and  asses	Sheep	Swine
1900	1,423,648	3,943,982	1,392,573	57,579	657,568	9,723,791
1890	1,498,418	3,397,132	1,312,079	41,648	547,394	8,266,779

Manufactures. Iowa's prosperity is based upon agriculture and not manufacturing. Notwithstanding the excellence of the transportation facilities and the abundant coal-supply, the State depends upon the East in a large measure for its manufactured supplies, and a large portion of the farm products of the State are shipped to outside points to be manufactured. In the decade 1880-90 the number of wage-earners engaged in manufacturing increased 79.9 per cent., while in the following decade the increase was 14.7 per cent. The wage-earners in 1900 numbered 58,500, or 2.6 per cent. of the population. The total value of products, including custom work and repairing, was $164,617,800. Of this, $22,236,700 represented the products of hand trades. The remainder represents manufactures proper, which include a great variety of industries.

Comparative Summary of Eleven Leading Industries

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INDUSTRIES

 Year 

Number of
 establishments 

 Wage-earners, 
 average number 

Value of
 products, including 
 custom work and 
repairing

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Total for selected industries for State

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

3,821 

27,108 

$95,924,681 

1890

2,613 

28,707 

79,751,171 

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Increase, 1890 to 1900

......

1,208 

1,659 

$16,173,510 

Per cent. of increase

......

46.2 

5.8 

20.3 

Per cent. of total of all industries in State

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

25.8 

46.3 

58.3 

1890

35.1 

56.4 

63.8 

Slaughtering and meat-packing

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

27 

2,887 

25,695,044 

1890

29 

2,575 

23,425,576 

Cheese, butter, and condensed milk, factory product

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

907 

1,133 

15,846,077 

1890

497 

2,355 

10,545,182 

Flouring and grist-mill products

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

702 

1,285 

13,823,083 

1890

441 

1,248 

11,833,737 

Food preparations

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

16 

609 

3,604,031 

1890

8 

147 

900,811 

Lumber and timber products

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

264 

2,793 

8,677,058 

1890

143 

6,819 

12,056,302 

Lumber, planing-mill products,	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$
including sash, doors, and blinds

1900

65 

2,372 

5,295,546 

1890

46 

1,983 

3,588,856 

Carriages and wagons

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

211 

1,692 

3,931,067 

1890

294 

1,602 

3,168,545 

Cars and general shop construction	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$
and repairs by steam railroad companies

1900

58 

5,497 

6,221,378 

1890

41 

3,812 

4,473,089 

Printing and publishing: Total

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

1,025 

4,248 

6,145,563 

1890

699 

3,296 

4,551,548 

Foundry and machine-shop products

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

190 

2,372 

4,460,914 

1890

126 

2,142 

3,432,360 

Clay products: Total

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$

1900

356 

2,220 

2,224,920 

1890

289 

2,768 

1,775,165 

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The table above covers the eleven leading industries for the census years 1890 and 1900. It will be seen that considerably over half of the total product of these industries is ob-